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Cytosine methylation and demethylation (18,19). DNMTs catalyze conversion of cytosine into 5-mC. TET proteins can iteratively oxidize 5-mC to 5-hmC, 5-fC, and 5-caC. Thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) can decarboxylate either 5-fC or 5-caC and replace it with an unmodified cytosine through base excision repair (BER), completing the cycle of dynamic cytosine removal.
