Deletion of the TLR, TOL-1, does not affect the lifespan of C. elegans challenged with C. burnetii. (a) TLRs are used by vertebrates for differential detection of various microbes, including C. burnetii. Although the associated signaling cascade(s) is unclear, C. elegans has a single TLR (TOL-1) orthologue. (b) Kaplan–Meier survival plot of wild type or tol-1(−) C. elegans exposed to live E. coli OP50 or CCB. Survival analyses demonstrate that the survival curves of tol-1(−) nematodes exposed to live E. coli or CCB were significantly different (P =0.0015 by pair-wise log-rank test) with median survival times decreased from 12 d (when fed live E. coli) to 7 d (when fed live CCB). However, there was no significant difference (P =0.6787 by pair-wise log-rank test) in the life spans of tol-1(−) compared with wild type (WT) N2 nematodes exposed to live CCB or live E. coli OP50, suggesting that TOL-1 is not used to detect C. burnetii.