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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Innate Immun. 2016 Nov 24;23(2):111–127. doi: 10.1177/1753425916679255

Figure 9.

Figure 9

Caenorhabditis elegans daf-2 mutants survive significantly longer and with less pathological consequences than wild type nematodes during a C. burnetii infection. (a) Caenorhabditis elegans DAF-2/DAF16 pathway is activated when an agonist binds to DAF-2 receptor resulting in cytoplasmic retention of DAF-16-P, whereas in DAF-2 mutants, nuclear DAF-16 translocation results in activation of immune-related genes (adapted from Ewbank37). (b) Kaplan–Meier survival plot of wild type or daf-2(ts) C. elegans exposed to live E. coli OP50 or CCB. Survival assays demonstrated a significant difference between median survival of wild type C. elegans and daf-2 mutants exposed to CCB (P =0.002 by pair-wise log-rank comparison) and suggest that nematodes are capable of controlling a Coxiella infection. The assay was performed at 20°C. (c, d) Fluorescence microscopy of daf-2 mutants revealed minimal intestinal distension (intestinal lumen-dashed outline), decreased bacterial load per worm and hindgut colonization by inspection. daf-2(ts) nematode imaged after 33 d of exposure to live CCB. Bar =50 μM. Gr: grinder; An: anus; PC: phase contrast; mCh: fluorescent mCherry signal.