Table 3.

Effect of vitamin E and C supplementation and arterial stiffness in human subjects.

Authors	Year of publication	Follow-up	Dose of vitamin E and C	Study population	Results
Vucinovic et al. [37]	2015	1 week	600 IU vitamin E	12 healthy males	Hyperoxia resulted in increased augmentation index and lipid peroxides and decreased nitrite in placebo; not in the antioxidant group
			1,000 mg vitamin C
			600 mg alpha-lipoic acid
Hildreth et al. [38]	2014	—	Infusion of 7.5 g ascorbic acid	97 healthy women (premenopausal, perimenopausal and postmenopausal)	Improvement of arterial compliance in late perimenopausal and postmenopausal women
Ives et al. [39]	2014	90 minutes	Oral antioxidant cocktail	30 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	Vascular dysfunction mediated by an altered redox balance can be mitigated by an oral antioxidant; the antioxidant cocktail improved also PWV
			(1) Dose: 300 mg alpha lipoic acid, 500 mg vitamin C, 200 IU vitamin E
			(2) Dose: the same doses of alpha lipoic acid and vitamin C, 400 IU vitamin E
Veringa et al. [40]	2012	18 months	Pravastatin supplemented with vitamin E after 6 months and homocysteine lowering therapy after other 6 months	93 chronic kidney disease patients	Significant improvement of compliance and distensibility in the common carotid and femoral artery
Shargorodsky et al. [16]	2010	6 months	1,000 mg vitamin C, 400 IU vitamin E, 120 mg co-enzyme Q, 200 mcg selenium	70 patients with multiple cardiovascular risk factors (at least 2)	Significant increase of large and small vessel elasticity
Rasool et al. [41]	2008	2 months	50, 100 and 200 mg/day tocotrienol rich vitamin E	36 healthy men	Improvement of arterial compliance after 100 and 200 mg/day tocotrienol rich vitamin E; NO effect on serum lipids
Kelly et al. [42]	2008	8 hours	Oral dose of 2 g vitamin C	26 healthy human volunteers	No effect on augmentation index and markers of oxidative stress
Plantinga et al. [43]	2007	8 weeks	400 IU vitamin E	30 male with essential hypertension	Beneficial effects on endothelium-dependent vasodilation and arterial stiffness
			1 g vitamin C
Katayama et al. [44]	2004	2 hours	Single dose 2 g vitamin C before smoking	17 healthy male volunteers	Significant reduction of smoking-induced elevation of brachial-ankle PWV
Mullan et al. [45]	2004	120 minutes	2 g i.v. ascorbic acid	12 healthy men	Pretreatment with ascorbic acid prevented the hyperglycemia induced increase of the central aortic pulse pressure and blood pressure
Mullan et al. [46]	2002	4 weeks	Oral 500 mg ascorbic acid/day	30 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus	lowered blood pressure, decreased arterial stiffness
Skyrme-Jones et al. [47]	2000	3 months	1,000 IU/day oral vitamin E	41 young diabetic subjects (type 1 diabetes mellitus)	Improvement of endothelial vasodilation; no effect on systemic arterial compliance