Table 2.

Risk factors associated with S. haematobium infection among pregnant women in Munyenge.

Factors	Category	S. haematobium positive% (n)	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	#Adjusted OR (95% CI)	P value
Age (years)	≤20	55.4 (31)	3.0 (1.3–6.8)	15.2 (1.7–138.3)	0.016
	21–25	53.2 (42)	2.7 (1.2–5.9)	7.3 (1.2–44.3)	0.031
	26–30	43.7 (31)	1.9 (0.8–4.1)	1.1 (0.2–6.1)	0.885
	>30	29.5 (13)	REF	REF
	χ 2; P value	8.48; 0.037
Gravidity	Primigravidity	63.8 (44)	2.7 (1.6–5.5)	0.2 (0.03–0.9)	0.034
	Secundigravidity	45.1 (32)	1.4 (0.6–2.5)	0.1 (0.02–0.4)	0.001
	Multigravidity	37.3 (41)	REF	REF
	χ 2; P value	12.08; 0.002
Marital status	Single	48.4 (30)	1.1 (0.6–1.9)	NA
	Married	46.3 (87)	REF
	χ 2; P value	0.83; 0.773
Educational level	Primary	49.6 (61)	1.3 (0.8–2.1)	NA	NA
	Secondary	44.1 (56)	REF
	χ 2; P value	0.74; 0.384
Occupation	Housewife	42.3 (22)	1.3 (0.6–2.7)	2.5 (0.4–15.7)	0.333
	Business	52.7 (49)	1.8 (1.1–3.7)	4.3 (0.9–21.9)	0.079
	Student	60.6 (20)	2.7 (1.2–6.4)	1.6 (0.3–9.0)	0.587
	Farmer	36.1 (26)	REF	REF
	χ 2; P value	7.55; 0.056
Activities in the stream	Domestic contact and bathing	84.1 (106)	49.2 (22.4−107.7)	33.5 (9.7–115.9)	<0.001
	Domestic contact only	8.9 (11)	REF	REF
	χ 2; P value	142.16; <0.001
Frequency to the stream/day	1 to 2 times	13.1 (16)	0.14 (0.07–0.3)	2.8E − 10 (9.4E − 11–8.5E − 10)	<0.001
	3 to 4 times	52.6 (30)	REF	6.7E − 10 (6.7E − 10–6.7E − 10)
	5+ times	100 (71)	—	REF
	χ 2; P value	137.09; <0.001
Malaria parasitaemia	Positive	38.8 (38)	0.6 (0.4–1.0)	0.4 (0.14–1.2)	0.098
	Negative	52 (79)	REF	REF
	χ 2; P value	4.17; 0.041

χ ²: Pearson Chi-square test; OR: odd ratio.

^#OR adjusted using multivariate regression analysis.