Table 3.
Risk factors associated with coinfection with S. haematobium and P. falciparum among pregnant women in Munyenge.
| Factors | Category | Presence of coinfection% (n) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) |
#Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | ≤20 | 25 (14) | 4.6 (1.2–17) | 2.8 (0.3–22.7) | 0.338 |
| 21–25 | 17.7 (14) | 2.9 (0.8–10.9) | 1.5 (0.2–9.7) | 0.662 | |
| 26–30 | 9.9 (7) | 1.5 (0.4–6.1) | 0.3 (0.04–2.2) | 0.247 | |
| >30 | 6.8 (3) | REF | REF | ||
| χ 2; P value | 8.53; <0.001 | ||||
|
| |||||
| Gravidity | Primigravidity | 23.6 (16) | 3.4 (1.4–8.2) | 0.4 (0.1–1.7) | 0.198 |
| Secundigravidity | 18.3 (13) | 2.5 (1.0–6.2) | 0.9 (0.2–3.5) | 0.893 | |
| Multigravidity | 8.2 (9) | REF | REF | ||
| χ 2; P value | 8.15; 0.017 | ||||
|
| |||||
| Marital status | Single | 17.7 (11) | 1.3 (0.6–2.8) | NA | |
| Married | 14.4 (27) | REF | |||
| χ 2; P value | 0.41; 0.52 | ||||
|
| |||||
| Educational level | Primary Secondary χ2; P value |
13.8 (17) 6.5 (31) 0.36; 0.55 |
1.4 (0.7–2.9) REF |
NA | |
|
| |||||
| Occupation | Housewife | 13.5 (7) | 1.2 (0.4–3.7) | NA | |
| Business | 17.2 (16) | 2.1 (0.8–5.3) | |||
| Student | 21.2 (7) | 3.0 (1.0–9.2) | |||
| Farmer | 11.1 (8) | REF | |||
| χ 2; P value | 2.27; 0.518 | ||||
|
| |||||
| Activities in the stream | Domestic contact and bathing |
26.6 (36) | 24.4 (5.7–104) | 13.3 (2.2–79.5) | 0.005 |
| Domestic contact only | 1.6 (2) | REF | REF | ||
| χ 2; P value | 35.24; <0.001 | ||||
|
| |||||
| Frequency to the stream/day | 1 to 2 times | 2.5 (3) | 0.04 (0.01–0.15) | 0.1 (0.01–0.4) | 0.002 0.027 |
| 3 to 4 times | 15.8 (9) | 0.3 (0.1–0.8) | 0.3 (0.1–0.9) | ||
| 5+ times | 36.6 (26) | REF | REF | ||
| χ 2; P value | 40.65; <0.001 | ||||
|
| |||||
| IPTp-SP uptake |
Yes | 9.5 (16) | 0.3 (0.1–0.6) | 0.06 (0.02–0.2) | <0.001 |
| No | 27.2 (22) | REF | REF | ||
| χ 2; P value | 13.29; <0.001 | ||||
χ 2: Pearson Chi-square test; OR: odd ratio.
#Adjusted OR using multivariate regression analysis.