TABLE 4.
Plasma biomarkers by quartiles of the aMED dietary pattern in the WLVS population with the use of the baseline FFQ1
| Quartiles |
|||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | P-trend2 | |
| Score | — | ||||
| Median | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | |
| Range | 0–2 | 3–4 | 5–5 | 6–9 | |
| Proinsulin (n = 437), pmol/L | |||||
| Model 1 | 20.3 (18.3, 22.6)3 | 16.7 (15.3, 18.2) | 20.3 (18.1, 22.9) | 18.1 (16.4, 20.0) | 0.36 |
| Model 2 | 19.8 (17.9, 21.9) | 16.9 (15.5, 18.3) | 19.7 (17.7, 22.1) | 18.6 (16.9, 20.4) | 0.70 |
| C-peptide (n = 487), ng/mL | |||||
| Model 1 | 6.65 (6.47, 6.83) | 6.36 (6.22, 6.49) | 6.57 (6.39, 6.76) | 6.39 (6.23, 6.54) | 0.10 |
| Model 2 | 6.60 (6.43, 6.77) | 6.38 (6.25, 6.50) | 6.53 (6.36, 6.71) | 6.43 (6.29, 6.58) | 0.31 |
| Insulin (n = 417), mU/mL | |||||
| Model 1 | 8.02 (6.91, 9.29) | 6.13 (5.43, 6.92) | 8.16 (6.95, 9.58) | 7.06 (6.15, 8.09) | 0.60 |
| Model 2 | 7.72 (6.76, 8.83) | 6.24 (5.59, 6.96) | 7.85 (6.79, 9.07) | 7.33 (6.48, 8.29) | 0.92 |
| IGFBP-3 (n = 487), ng/mL | |||||
| Model 1 | 3.60 (3.43, 3.79) | 3.73 (3.59, 3.88) | 3.78 (3.59, 3.98) | 3.81 (3.64, 3.98) | 0.11 |
| Model 2 | 3.62 (3.44, 3.80) | 3.73 (3.59, 3.88) | 3.79 (3.60, 3.99) | 3.80 (3.63, 3.97) | 0.14 |
| IGF-1 (n = 487), ng/mL | |||||
| Model 1 | 100 (93, 107) | 105 (100, 111) | 106 (99, 114) | 109 (102, 116) | 0.08 |
| Model 2 | 100 (94, 108) | 105 (100, 111) | 107 (99, 115) | 108 (101, 115) | 0.13 |
| Adiponectin (n = 488), μg/mL | |||||
| Model 1 | 11.7 (10.3, 13.2) | 13.3 (12.1, 14.7) | 13.1 (11.5, 14.9) | 13.2 (11.8, 14.7) | 0.22 |
| Model 2 | 12.1 (10.7, 13.6) | 13.1 (12.0, 14.4) | 13.4 (11.9, 15.2) | 12.8 (11.5, 14.2) | 0.52 |
| Leptin (n = 487), ng/mL | |||||
| Model 1 | 34.4 (30.2, 39.1) | 28.7 (25.9, 31.8) | 32.9 (28.7, 37.7) | 28.3 (25.2, 31.9) | 0.09 |
| Model 2 | 32.1 (29.2, 35.2) | 29.4 (27.3, 31.6) | 31.0 (28.1, 34.2) | 30.3 (27.9, 33.0) | 0.56 |
| Leptin-sR (n = 487), ng/mL | |||||
| Model 1 | 30.4 (28.7, 32.2) | 30.3 (29.0, 31.8) | 30.1 (28.3, 32.0) | 30.5 (29.0, 32.2) | 0.93 |
| Model 2 | 31.0 (29.5, 32.7) | 30.1 (28.9, 31.3) | 30.7 (29.0, 32.4) | 30.0 (28.6, 31.4) | 0.42 |
| Total cholesterol (n = 775), mg/dL | |||||
| Model 1 | 209 (202, 216) | 213 (208, 219) | 208 (201, 215) | 208 (202, 215) | 0.68 |
| Model 2 | 209 (202, 217) | 213 (207, 219) | 208 (201, 215) | 208 (202, 214) | 0.58 |
| HDL cholesterol (n = 775), mg/dL | |||||
| Model 1 | 67 (64, 70) | 69 (66, 71) | 69 (66, 72) | 71 (68, 74) | 0.09 |
| Model 2 | 68 (65, 71) | 68 (66, 71) | 69 (66, 72) | 70 (68, 73) | 0.29 |
| Triglycerides (n = 488), mg/dL | |||||
| Model 1 | 103 (94, 112) | 99 (92, 105) | 90 (82, 99) | 87 (81, 94) | 0.003 |
| Model 2 | 100 (92, 109) | 99 (93, 106) | 89 (82, 97) | 89 (83, 95) | 0.01 |
| Total folate (n = 493), ng/mL | |||||
| Model 1 | 9.5 (7.0, 12.9) | 11 (8.7, 13.8) | 9.2 (6.8, 12.4) | 7.7 (6.0, 10.0) | 0.20 |
| Model 2 | 9.4 (6.9, 12.8) | 11 (8.8, 13.9) | 9.2 (6.8, 12.4) | 7.8 (6.0, 10.1) | 0.22 |
| SHBG (n = 488), nmol/L | |||||
| Model 1 | 44.7 (40.1, 49.8) | 46.6 (42.8, 50.8) | 47.9 (42.7, 53.7) | 53.0 (48.1, 58.5) | 0.02 |
| Model 2 | 46.2 (41.8, 51.0) | 46.0 (42.5, 49.8) | 49.3 (44.3, 54.8) | 51.5 (47.0, 56.4) | 0.07 |
Geometric means and 95% CIs were calculated with the use of multiple linear regression models. Model 1 was adjusted for age (continuous), Caucasian race (yes or no), postmenopausal status and postmenopausal hormone use (premenopausal, never, past, or current use), parity and age at first birth (nulliparous; 1–2 children at <25 y of age at first birth; 1–2 children at ≥25 y of age at first birth; ≥3 children at <25 y of age at first birth; or ≥3 children at ≥25 y of age at first birth), family history of myocardial infarction (yes or no), family history of diabetes (yes or no), diabetes (yes or no), diabetes medication use (yes or no), statin use (yes or no), smoking status (never; past; current, 1–14 cigarettes/d; or current, ≥15 cigarettes/d), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (min/d; quartiles), and multivitamin use (yes or no). Models for folate were further adjusted for cold-cereal intake (quartiles). Model 2 was adjusted as for model 1 and for BMI (kg/m2; continuous). aMED, alternate Mediterranean diet; FFQ, food-frequency questionnaire; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; IGFBP-3, insulin-like growth factor–binding protein 3; SHBG, sex-hormone binding globulin; sR, soluble receptor; WLVS, Women’s Lifestyle Validation Study.
Test for trend was based on a variable containing the median value for each quartile.
Geometric mean; 95% CI in parentheses (all such values).