Table 1.
Female and male attitudes towards gambling by age in 2011 and 2015
| Females | Males | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2011 Mean (95% CI) |
2015 Mean (95% CI) |
F(df)
[p; η 2] |
2011 Mean (95% CI) |
2015 Mean (95% CI) |
F(df)
[p; η 2] |
|
| All | 21.44 (21.18–21.69) |
22.93 (22.71–23.16) |
73.99(1, 3978)
[.001; .018] |
23.97 (23.72–24.23) |
25.22 (24.99–25.45) |
50.81(1, 4029)
[.001; .012] |
| Age | ||||||
| 15–17 years | 20.87 (19.66–22.08) | 21.32 (20.32–22.33) | 0.33(1, 164)
[.564; .000] |
23.53 (22.07–24.98) | 23.32 (22.14–24.50) | 0.05(1, 154)
[.824; .000] |
| 18–24 years | 21.74 (21.06–22.43) | 22.55 (21.95–23.16) | 3.07(1, 458)
[.081; .007] |
24.30 (23.64–24.95) | 25.86 (25.23–26.49) | 11.47(1, 514)
[.001; .021] |
| 25–34 years | 22.67 (22.07–23.27) | 24.28 (23.74–24.82) | 15.54 (1, 664)
[≤.001; .023] |
25.38 (24.79–25.97) | 26.40 (25.86–26.93) | 6.25(1, 674)
[.013; .009] |
| 35–44 years | 21.38 (20.75–22.01) | 23.53 (22.92–24.15) | 22.57 (1, 631)
[≤.001; .035] |
24.52 (23.91–25.13) | 25.82 (25.27–26.36) | 9.68(1, 652)
[.002; .014] |
| 45–54 years | 21.85 (21.24–22.47) | 23.30 (22.73–23.87) | 11.42 (1, 678)
[.001; .017] |
24.38 (23.82–24.94) | 25.21 (24.65–25.77) | 4.13(1, 718)
[.042; .006] |
| 55–64 years | 20.70 (20.13–21.28) | 22.41 (21.90–22.93) | 19.02 (1, 789)
[≤.001; .024] |
22.56 (21.98–23.15) | 24.77 (24.22–25.32) | 28.83 (1, 773)
[≤.001; .035] |
| 65–74 years | 20.05 (19.32–20.78) | 22.02 (21.48–22.55) | 17.94 (1, 578)
[≤.001; .030] |
22.44 (21.67–23.21) | 23.85 (23.26–24.44) | 8.06(1, 530)
[.005; .015] |
A one-way between-subject ANOVA (F-test) design for weighted data based on gender, age and region of residence; data in 2011 (n = 2367 females and n = 2117 males, non-weighted) and 2015 (n = 2210 females and n = 2305 males, non-weighted); 95% CI, 95% confidence intervals. Estimate of effect size (η 2 = eta-squared); The sum of 8 Attitudes Towards Gambling (ATGS-8) items (a Likert scale: 1 = “strongly agree”, 2 = “agree”, 3 = “neither agree or disagree”, 4 = “disagree” and 5 = “strongly disagree”, 4 reversed items) forms a total ATGS-8 score (range 8–40) < where a score of 24 represents the overall neutral attitude towards gambling, while scores above 24 indicate favourable and those below 24 unfavourable attitudes