Table 2.
Females | Males | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Source | 2011 | 2015 | p | ϕ | 2011 | 2015 | p | ϕ | |
SOGS #4 | 1. Gamble more than you intended to | 6.7 | 10.1 | ≤.001 | .060 | 15.2 | 17.0 | .123 | .024 |
PGSI #1 / SOGS #1 | 2. Go back another day to win back money (chasing) | 5.1 | 5.1 | .944 | .001 | 12.0 | 10.1 | .035 | −.033 |
PGSI #9 / SOGS #6 | 3. Felt guilty | 2.8 | 6.4 | ≤.001 | .085 | 7.0 | 7.4 | .637 | .007 |
PGSI #4 | 4. Need to gamble with larger amounts of money to maintain excitement | 1.4 | 1.5 | .898 | .003 | 4.8 | 4.8 | .943 | .001 |
PGSI #7 / SOGS #5 | 5. People criticized your gambling | 1.4 | 1.2 | .496 | −.011 | 3.6 | 3.3 | .616 | −.008 |
PGSI #2 / SOGS #3 | 6. Feel you have a problem | 0.8 | 1.6 | .024 | .035 | 3.4 | 4.4 | .117 | .025 |
PGSI #3 | 7. Betting more than can afford to lose | 1.3 | 1.7 | .315 | .016 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 1.000 | .000 |
SOGS #7 | 8. Felt like you would like to stop gambling but didn’t think you could | 1.2 | 2.4 | .004 | .044 | 2.1 | 2.4 | .535 | .011 |
SOGS #2 | 9. Claimed to be winning money gambling but weren’t really | 0.9 | 0.4 | .061 | −.030 | 3.8 | 1.5 | ≤.001 | .074 |
SOGS #9 | 10. Money arguments centred on gambling | 0.8 | 1.2 | .173 | .022 | 1.3 | 1.5 | .975 | .005 |
PGSI #6 | 11. Gambling causing health problems | 0.5 | 0.4 | .667 | −.007 | 1.6 | 2.0 | .427 | .014 |
PGSI #5 / SOGS #12-20 | 12. Borrowing money or selling something to finance gambling | 0.4 | 0.5 | .819 | .007 | 1.0 | 0.7 | .185 | −.020 |
PGSI #8 | 13. Gambling causing financial problems | 0.2 | 0.4 | .588 | .010 | 1.2 | 1.1 | .772 | .006 |
SOGS #11 | 14. Lost time from work or school | 0.4 | 0.4 | 1.000 | .000 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.000 | .002 |
SOGS #8 | 15. Hidden betting slips | 0.2 | 0.7 | .046 | .033 | 0.7 | 0.8 | .604 | .009 |
SOGS #10 | 16. Borrowed money and not paid them back | 0.2 | 0.5 | .221 | .020 | 0.3 | 0.6 | .249 | .021 |
Significance (p) between time is determined by Fisher’s exact tests for weighted data based on gender, age and region of residence; Estimate of effect size (ϕ = phi coefficient); data in 2011 (n = 2367 females and n = 2117 males, non-weighted) and 2015 (n = 2210 females and n = 2305 males, non-weighted); SOGS the South Oaks Gambling Screen, PGSI the Problem Gambling Severity Index