Table 3.

Past-year gambling participation and harms among females by age in 2011 and 2015 (% ± CI)

	15–17		18–24		25–34		35–44		45–54		55–64		65–74
	2011 (n = 64)	2015 (n = 83)	2011 (n = 228)	2015 (n = 172)	2011 (n = 278)	2015 (n = 328)	2011 (n = 335)	2015 (n = 305)	2011 (n = 447)	2015 (n = 359)	2011 (n = 564)	2015 (n = 491)	2011 (n = 451)	2015 (n = 472)
Gambling frequency
No gambling	66.7 ± 11.6	71.9 ± 9.7	32.2 ± 6.1	27.0 ± 6.6	21.0 ± 4.8	21.6 ± 4.5	24.4 ± 4.6	24.1 ± 4.8	19.7 ± 3.7	22.0 ± 4.3	23.8 ± 3.5	18.3 ± 3.4	36.2 ± 4.4	26.4 ± 4.0
Less than monthly	25.9 ± 10.7	20.8 ± 8.7	33.5 ± 6.1	42.2 ± 7.4	39.3 ± 5.7	39.3 ± 5.3	35.1 ± 5.1	36.7 ± 5.4	27.8 ± 4.2	30.6 ± 4.8	20.3 ± 3.3	25.2 ± 3.8	16.4 ± 3.4	18.5 ± 3.5
1–3 times/month	4.9 ± 5.3	5.2 ± 4.8	23.4 ± 5.5	19.3 ± 5.9	24.9 ± 5.1	24.4 ± 4.7	20.9 ± 4.4	19.6 ± 4.5	19.5 ± 3.7	19.9 ± 4.1	19.6 ± 3.3	17.9 ± 3.4	9.3 ± 2.7	14.4 ± 3.2
Once a week	1.2 ± 2.7	1.0 ± 2.1	6.7 ± 3.3	8.6 ± 4.2	11.7 ± 3.8	11.5 ± 3.5	17.4 ± 4.1	15.7 ± 4.1	27.0 ± 4.1	22.6 ± 4.4	29.4 ± 3.8	32.0 ± 4.1	32.8 ± 4.3	31.3 ± 4.2
Several times a week	1.2 ± 2.7	1.0 ± 2.1	4.2 ± 2.6	2.9 ± 2.5	3.0 ± 2.0	3.1 ± 1.9	2.2 ± 1.6	3.9 ± 2.2	5.9 ± 2.2	4.8 ± 2.2	6.9 ± 2.1	6.6 ± 2.2	5.2 ± 2.1	9.4 ± 2.6
Significance	X 2 = .699, df = 4, p = .952, ϕ = .063		X 2 = 5.677, df = 4, p = .225, ϕ = .108		X 2 = .056, df = 4, p = 1.000, ϕ = .009		X 2 = 2.120, df = 4, p = .714, ϕ = .056		X 2 = 2.894, df = 4, p = .576, ϕ = .062		X 2 = 6.065, df = 4, p = .194, ϕ = .084		X 2 = 12.343, df = 4, p = .015, ϕ = .0.138
No gambling		.513		.232		.853		.928		.470		.053		.009
Less than monthly		.476		.050		1.000		.688		.420		.104		.531
1-3 times/month		1.000		.268		.930		.701		.926		.541		.054
Once a week		1.000		.495		1.000		.603		.174		.416		.734
Several times a week		1.000		.469		1.000		.267		.520		.893		.052
Online gambling
Yes	0	2.1	14.4	16.3	19.9	26.3	16.9	23.2	19.2	17.0	12.5	15.2	4.0	9.4
Significance	p = .549, ϕ = .084		p = .603, ϕ = .027		p = .056, ϕ = .076		p = .051, ϕ = .079		p = .499, ϕ = − .028		p = .315, ϕ = .038		p = .016, ϕ = .099
Gambling harmsa
No gambling	66.7 ± 11.6	71.9 ± 9.7	32.2 ± 6.1	27.0 ± 6.6	21.0 ± 4.8	21.6 ± 4.5	24.4 ± 4.6	24.1 ± 4.8	19.7 ± 3.7	22.0 ± 4.3	23.8 ± 3.5	18.3 ± 3.4	36.2 ± 4.4	26.4 ± 4.0
No harms	18.5 ± 9.5	17.5 ± 8.2	46.2 ± 6.5	42.9 ± 7.4	64.0 ± 5.6	58.4 ± 5.3	65.6 ± 5.1	65.1 ± 5.4	69.5 ± 4.3	62.3 ± 5.0	61.5 ± 4.0	64.5 ± 4.2	54.1	59.7
One harm	9.9 ± 7.3	3.1 ± 3.7	13.0 ± 4.4	14.3 ± 5.2	10.8 ± 3.7	13.8 ± 3.7	8.2 ± 2.9	6.7 ± 2.8	7.6 ± 2.5	8.1 ± 2.8	9.5 ± 2.4	9.9 ± 2.6	7.1	8.1
≥2 harms	6.1 ± 5.9	7.2 ± 5.6	8.8 ± 3.7	15.1 ± 5.4	4.5 ± 2.4	5.9 ± 2.6	1.9 ± 1.5	4.2 ± 2.3	3.0 ± 1.6	7.3 ± 2.7	5.1 ± 1.8	6.8 ± 2.2	3.0	6.0
Significance	X 2 = 3.481, df = 3, p = .323, ϕ = .140		X 2 = 5.586, df = 3, p = .134, ϕ = .108		X 2 = 2.743, df = 3, p = .433, ϕ = .063		X 2 = 3.373, df = 3, p = .338, ϕ = .071		X 2 = 8.712, df = 3, p = .033, ϕ = .109		X 2 = 4.444, df = 3, p = .217, ϕ = .072		X 2 = 9.031, df = 3, p = .029, ϕ = .118
No gambling		.513		.232		.853		.928		.470		.053		.009
No harms		1.000		.465		.138		.935		.044		.396		.171
One harm		.115		.693		.248		.466		.891		.909		.657
≥2 harms		1.000		.036		.494		.119		.012		.319		.092

Data in 2011 (n = 2367, non-weighted) and 2015 (n = 2210, non-weighted); Significance (p) between time is determined by Chi-squared and Fisher’s exact tests for weighted data based on gender, age and region of residence; Estimate of effect size (ϕ = phi coefficient/Cramer’s V); ^aHarms measured using 16 items from the South Oaks Gambling Screen and the Problem Gambling Severity Index; CI, 95% confidence intervals