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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Nov 14.
Published in final edited form as: J Mater Chem B. 2016 Sep 9;4(42):6773–6786. doi: 10.1039/C6TB00783J

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Schematic representation of 3D scaffold-based and alternative bottom-up approaches to bone tissue engineering. In the traditional 3D scaffold-based bottom-up approaches, growth factors, peptides, cytokines and/or cells are utilized as building blocks to create a functionalized 3D scaffold that is ultimately used either with or without pre-seeded cells for engineering bone tissue. In the emerging alternative approaches, cell sheets, cell aggregates, cell laden microgels, or 3D/bioprinting technologies are used for assembling/stacking/layering components to generate 3D constructs.