Table 4.
Panel OLS regression results, village-level (dependent variable: percentage points change in teacher absence).
| (1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individual regressions |
Multiple regressions |
|||||
| No fixed effects | w/ State fixed effects | w/ District fixed effects | No fixed effects | w/ State fixed effects | w/ District fixed effects | |
| Changes in teacher variables | ||||||
| Have bachelors degree | −0.42 | −1.69 | −3.69 | −1.68 | −2.31 | −4.71 |
| (2.55) | (2.52) | (2.91) | (2.51) | (2.57) | (3.04) | |
| Have teacher training | 1.10 | 1.12 | 0.52 | 1.08 | 0.79 | 1.53 |
| (2.51) | (2.76) | (3.12) | (2.81) | (2.85) | (3.19) | |
| Are contract teachers | −4.89 | −3.39 | −0.86 | −5.26 | −3.84 | −0.83 |
| (3.20) | (3.41) | (3.52) | (3.37) | (3.60) | (4.03) | |
| Are paid regularly | −0.18 | −0.83 | −1.47 | −0.28 | −0.97 | −0.56 |
| (1.70) | (1.81) | (2.11) | (1.67) | (1.77) | (2.24) | |
| Recognition scheme exists | −3.87** | −3.34* | −3.69** | −3.06* | −2.03 | −3.34 |
| (1.76) | (1.75) | (1.87) | (1.71) | (1.69) | (2.23) | |
| Changes in school variables | ||||||
| Log student-teacher ratio | −5.33*** | −4.89*** | −4.48** | −5.56*** | −4.95*** | −4.69*** |
| (1.83) | (1.68) | (1.91) | (1.81) | (1.57) | (1.78) | |
| Mid-day meals | 1.31 | 1.81 | 4.19 | 1.62 | 0.95 | 2.14 |
| (1.73) | (2.09) | (2.59) | (1.73) | (2.08) | (2.85) | |
| Infrastructure index (0–4) | −1.10* | −0.97 | −1.01 | −0.97 | −0.68 | −0.96 |
| (0.66) | (0.69) | (0.76) | (0.66) | (0.66) | (0.78) | |
| Remoteness index (normalized) | −1.16 | −0.93 | −0.55 | −1.25 | −1.04 | −0.81 |
| (1.05) | (1.06) | (1.08) | (1.00) | (0.95) | (1.13) | |
| Changes in monitoring and community variables | ||||||
| Probability of inspection in last 3 months | −8.23*** | −7.31*** | −6.60*** | −7.35*** | −6.56*** | −6.41*** |
| (1.94) | (1.98) | (1.91) | (1.83) | (1.83) | (2.01) | |
| Probability of PTA meeting in last 3 months | −1.65 | −3.18* | −3.80** | -1.71 | −2.08 | −2.96 |
| (1.74) | (1.63) | (1.72) | (1.67) | (1.64) | (2.02) | |
| Mean parental education (1–7 scale) | −1.29 | −0.09 | 0.48 | −1.13 | −0.46 | 0.51 |
| (1.40) | (1.38) | (1.44) | (1.29) | (1.32) | (1.46) | |
| Log state per-capita GDP | −4.69 | −6.18 | ||||
| (7.39) | (7.18) | |||||
| Regression statistics | ||||||
| Constant | 3.43 | |||||
| (5.50) | ||||||
| R-squared | 0.071 | 0.143 | 0.346 | |||
| Adjusted R-squared | 0.054 | 0.115 | 0.188 | |||
| F-statistic (Inspected = PTA met) | 4.419** | 2.921* | 1.268 | |||
| Number of villages | 1,297 | 1,297 | 1,297 | |||
Source: Authors' calculations. Notes: In summary statistics, standard deviations are in parentheses; in bivariate and multiple regressions, robust standard errors clustered at the district-level are in parentheses. In individual regressions (Columns 1–3), each cell is a separate regression of the row variables with the dependent variable being the change in teacher absence rate in percentage points at the village-level. In multiple regressions (Columns 4–6), each column is a single regression on all row variables. Infrastructure index variable uses availability of four items (drinking water, toilets, electricity, and library) with higher values representing better infrastructure; similarly remoteness index uses distances to nine sets of facilities, with higher values representing more remote villages. Regressions are weighted by SCR's population. *** Significant at 1%, ** significant at 5%, * significant at 10%.