Table A5.
Panel OLS regression results, village-level(dependent variable: Change in probability of inspection in past 3months).
| (1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individual regressions | Multiple regressions | |||||
| No fixed | w/state | w/district | No fixed | w/state | w/district | |
| effects | fixed effects | fixed effects | effects | fixed effects | fixed effects | |
| Changes in teacher variables | ||||||
| Have bachelors degree | −0.003 | 0.042 | 0.039 | 0.006 | 0.037 | 0.030 |
| (0.046) | (0.053) | (0.050) | (0.046) | (0.051) | (0.055) | |
| Have teacher training | 0.041 | 0.054 | 0.085 | 0.029 | 0.046 | 0.064 |
| (0.056) | (0.057) | (0.054) | (0.053) | (0.055) | (0.061) | |
| Are contract teachers | 0.055 | 0.063 | −0.040 | 0.108* | 0.088 | −0.009 |
| (0.053) | (0.073) | (0.069) | (0.059) | (0.070) | (0.082) | |
| Are paid regularly | −0.036 | −0.010 | −0.010 | −0.037 | −0.005 | −0.004 |
| (0.030) | (0.035) | (0.035) | (0.031) | (0.035) | (0.041) | |
| Recognition scheme exists | 0.069** | 0.062** | 0.020 | 0.067** | 0.060* | 0.023 |
| (0.028) | (0.031) | (0.032) | (0.028) | (0.031) | (0.037) | |
| Changes in school variables | ||||||
| Log student-teacher ratio | 0.055* | 0.032 | 0.029 | 0.049 | 0.024 | 0.012 |
| (0.031) | (0.032) | (0.034) | (0.030) | (0.031) | (0.037) | |
| Mid-day meals | 0.007 | −0.008 | −0.024 | 0.018 | −0.008 | −0.017 |
| (0.032) | (0.041) | (0.046) | (0.034) | (0.042) | (0.050) | |
| Infrastructure index (0-4) | 0.010 | 0.011 | 0.005 | 0.006 | 0.011 | 0.004 |
| (0.012) | (0.013) | (0.015) | (0.013) | (0.013) | (0.015) | |
| Remoteness index (normalized) | −0.023 | −0.026 | −0.032 | −0.024 | −0.024 | -0.028 |
| (0.022) | (0.022) | (0.020) | (0.021) | (0.021) | (0.024) | |
| Changes in monitoring and community variables | ||||||
| Probability of PTA meeting in last 3 months | 0.018 | 0.052** | 0.068** | 0.033 | 0.053** | 0.070** |
| (0.023) | (0.024) | (0.029) | (0.023) | (0.024) | (0.027) | |
| Mean parental education (1–7 scale) | −0.03 | −0.04 | −0.04** | −0.04 | −0.04* | −0.05** |
| (0.026) | (0.026) | (0.022) | (0.023) | (0.024) | (0.025) | |
| Log state per-capita GDP | −4.69 | 0.40** | ||||
| (7.392) | (0.167) | |||||
| Regression statistics | ||||||
| Constant | −0.13 | |||||
| (0.138) | ||||||
| R-squared | 0.051 | 0.093 | 0.315 | |||
| Adjusted R-squared | 0.034 | 0.065 | 0.152 | |||
| Number of villages | 1300 | 1300 | 1300 | |||
Source: Authors' calculations. Notes: Robust standard errors clustered at the district-level are in parentheses. Infrastructure index variable uses availability of four items (drinking water, toilets, electricity, and library) with higher values representing better infrastructure; similarly remoteness index uses distances to nine sets of facilities, with higher values representing more remote villages. Regressions are weighted by SCR's population. *** Significant at 1%, ** significant at 5%, * significant at 10%.