Table 3.
Mean difference and 95% confidence interval in baPWV according to the resting heart rate in cumulative average, increase rate, and variability of HR from 2006 to 2010.
| Resting heart rate | Ptrend | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average resting heart rate during 2006–2010 | ||||||
| Range, bpm | <60 | 61–70 | 71–80 | 81–90 | >90 | |
| Mean different | 0(ref.) | 47.8(18.1–77.5) | 91.8(61–123) | 139(103–174) | 217(171–264) | <0.001 |
| Annual increasing rate of resting heart rate during 2006–2010 | ||||||
| Range, bpm per year |
<−2.24 | −2.25–−0.49 | −0.5–0.74 | 0.5–2.5 | >2. 5 | |
| Mean different | 0(ref.) | 32.1(16.7–47.6) | 48.9(32.9–64.9) | 64.3(48.1–80.5) | 111(94.4–128) | <0.001 |
| Variability of resting heart rate during 2006–2010 | ||||||
| Range, bpm | <2.30 | 2.31–4.23 | 4.24–6.10 | 6.11–9.18 | >9.19 | |
| mean different of baPWV |
0(ref.) | 14(−1.08–29.2) | 6.32(−8.82–21.5) | 9.27(−6.06–24.6) | 30.5(15.1–45.8) | <0.001 |
Adjusted for age, sex, smoking (current, past or never), alcohol intake (current, past, never), education (illiteracy or elementary school, middle school, or college/university), physical activity (never, sometimes or active), average monthly income of each family member (<500, 500–3000, or≥3000¥), body mass index, use of antihypertensive agents (yes/no), hypertension status (yes/no), diabetes mellitus(yes/no), and average serum concentrations of triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, and high sensitive C-reactive protein during 2006–2010.