Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of youth at Time 1 and Time 2
| Persistent, P (N=128) | Resilient, R (N=121) | Emergent, E (N=42) | Typically Developing, T (N=212) | p | Pairwise | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years (mean±SD) | ||||||
| Time 1 | 15.5 ± 2.5 | 15.0 ± 2.5 | 14.7 ± 2.9 | 14.8 ± 2.8 | n.s. | |
| Time 2 | 17.5 ± 2.6 | 17.1 ± 2.8 | 16.7 ± 2.9 | 16.6 ± 3.7 | n.s. | |
| Follow‐up interval, months (mean±SD) | 23.2 ± 7.9 | 25.8 ± 7.3 | 23.7 ± 5.3 | 23.2 ± 6.7 | 0.009 | R>P,T |
| Male/female | 61/67 | 55/66 | 22/20 | 100/112 | n.s. | |
| African‐American/Other (%) | 76.6 | 63.6 | 76.2 | 42.5 | 0.001 |
P>R,T R>T E>T |
| Parental education, years (mean±SD) | ||||||
| Mother | 13.2 ± 3.4 | 12.7 ± 4.9 | 12.5 ± 4.4 | 13.7 ± 4.6 | n.s. | |
| Father | 10.9 ± 5.6 | 11.7 ± 5.3 | 11.1 ± 5.2 | 12.2 ± 6.1 | n.s. | |
| Neighborhood socioeconomic status factor score (mean±SD) | −0.6 ± 1.0 | −0.4 ± 1.0 | −0.6 ± 1.0 | 0.0 ± 1.0 | 0.001 | P,R,E<T |
| Time 1 psychopathology factor scores (mean±SD) | ||||||
| Psychosis | 1.4 ± 0.9 | 1.0 ± 0.8 | −0.2 ± 1.0 | −0.6 ± 0.8 | 0.001 |
P>R,E,T R>E,T E>T |
| Anxious‐Misery | 1.1 ± 0.9 | 0.7 ± 0.9 | −0.1 ± 1.0 | −0.6 ± 0.9 | 0.001 |
P>R,E,T R>E,T E>T |
| Fear | 0.9 ± 1.0 | 0.6 ± 1.0 | −0.1 ± 1.1 | −0.6 ± 0.9 | 0.001 |
P>R,E,T R>E,T E>T |
| Externalizing | 0.8 ± 0.8 | 0.6 ± 0.8 | 0.0 ± 1.1 | −0.6 ± 0.8 | 0.001 |
P,R>E,T E>T |
| Time 1 PRIME‐Screen Revised, total (mean±SD) | 24.8 ± 14.0 | 18.4 ± 12.4 | 6.4 ± 7.4 | 2.4 ± 4.9 | 0.001 |
P>R,E,T R>E,T E>T |
| Time 1 PRIME‐Screen Revised, z (mean±SD) | 1.6 ± 1.4 | 1.0 ± 1.2 | −0.1 ± 0.7 | −0.4 ± 0.5 | 0.001 |
P>R,E,T R>E,T E>T |
| Time 1 Scale of Prodromal Symptoms, z (mean±SD) | 1.1 ± 1.5 | 0.6 ± 1.4 | −0.1 ± 0.8 | −0.5 ± 0.4 | 0.001 |
P>R,E,T R>E,T E>T |
| Time 1 Trauma exposure (mean±SD) | 1.6 ± 1.5 | 1.2 ± 1.3 | 1.0 ± 1.1 | 0.5 ± 0.8 | 0.001 |
P>R,E,T R, E>T |
| Time 1 Global Assessment Scale (mean±SD) | 69.3 ± 13.4 | 76.5 ± 11.4 | 80.4 ± 10.2 | 85.7 ± 7.7 | 0.001 |
P<R,E,T R<E,T E<T |
| Time 1 treatment (%) | ||||||
| Talked with professional | 68.8 | 54.2 | 45.2 | 34.1 | 0.001 |
P>R,E,T R>T |
| Psychiatric medications | 23.4 | 11.9 | 4.8 | 2.4 | 0.001 |
P>R,E,T R>T |
| Inpatient hospitalizations | 7.8 | 1.7 | 2.4 | 0.9 | 0.003 | P>R,T |
| Time 2 diagnosis (%) | ||||||
| Psychotic disorder | 13.3 | 0.0 | 4.8 | 0.0 | 0.001 |
P>R,T E>R,T |
| Major depressive disorder | 18.8 | 13.2 | 16.7 | 3.8 | 0.001 | P,R,E>T |
| Other mood disorder | 15.6 | 2.5 | 4.8 | 3.3 | 0.001 | P>R,T |
| Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder | 21.9 | 9.9 | 7.1 | 4.7 | 0.001 | P>R,E,T |
| Alcohol abuse | 7.0 | 1.7 | 4.8 | 1.4 | 0.023 | P>R,T |
| Alcohol dependence | 3.1 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 1.4 | n.s. | |
| Substance abuse | 8.6 | 4.1 | 4.8 | 0.9 | 0.006 | P>T |
| Substance dependence | 6.3 | 5.0 | 2.4 | 1.9 | n.s. | |
| Time 2 Scale of Prodromal Symptoms, total (mean±SD) | ||||||
| Positive | 9.6 ± 5.2 | 2.4 ± 2.5 | 7.4 ± 4.5 | 1.6 ± 2.2 | 0.001 |
P>R,E,T R>T E>R,T |
| Negative | 7.6 ± 5.2 | 3.2 ± 3.4 | 7.3 ± 4.9 | 1.7 ± 2.3 | 0.001 |
P>R,T R>T E>R,T |
| Disorganized | 4.6 ± 3.3 | 1.3 ± 1.7 | 3.4 ± 2.5 | 0.7 ± 1.3 | 0.001 |
P>R,E,T R>T E>R,T |
| General | 4.0 ± 3.4 | 1.2 ± 2.2 | 4.2 ± 3.0 | 1.2 ± 1.9 | 0.001 |
P>R,T R>T E>R,T |
| Time 2 Mini‐Mental State Examination (mean±SD) | 31.4 ± 3.4 | 32.1 ± 2.3 | 31.5 ± 3.2 | 32.3 ± 2.2 | 0.001 | P,E<T |
| Time 2 Global Assessment of Functioning (mean±SD) | 59.7 ± 10.4 | 77.1 ± 13.1 | 64.6 ± 11.4 | 83.4 ± 10.0 | 0.001 |
P<R,E,T R<T E<R,T |
| Time 2 treatment history (%) | ||||||
| Talked with professional | 76.8 | 46.5 | 48.6 | 30.8 | 0.001 |
P>R,E,T R>T E>T |
| Psychiatric medications | 22.3 | 8.0 | 18.2 | 4.7 | 0.001 |
P>R,T E>T |
| Inpatient hospitalization | 11.5 | 3.4 | 10.8 | 1.0 | 0.001 |
P>R,T E>T |
| Time 2 family history of psychosis (%) | 22.6 | 7.7 | 8.3 | 3.1 | 0.001 | P>R,T |