. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Feb 1.

Published in final edited form as: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2016 Dec 23;25(2):452–459. doi: 10.1002/oby.21725

Table 2.

OLS regression models of county-level age-adjusted adult diagnosed diabetes prevalence, 2009

Variables	United States		Diabetes Belt		Non-Diabetes Belt
Economic context	b	95% CI	b	95% CI	b	95% CI
Percent of pop. poor	0.016^a	0.009, 0.024	0.008	−0.010, 0.027	0.012^a	0.004, 0.020
Percent of labor force unemployed	0.086^a	0.065, 0.107	−0.035	−0.083, 0.012	0.123^a	0.100, 0.147
Poor/non-poor segregation	0.003	−0.001, 0.006	0.003	−0.006, 0.012	0.002	−0.001, 0.006
Persistent poverty	0.257^a	0.154, 0.370	0.127	−0.068, 0.012	0.446^a	0.289, 0.603
Health and healthcare context
Percent of adults with obesity	0.129^a	0.117, 0.141	0.130^a	0.099, 0.160	0.122^a	0.109, 0.135
Percent of adults physically inactive	0.052^a	0.042, 0.127	0.053^a	0.027, 0.079	0.047^a	0.035, 0.059
Number of physicians/1,000 pop.	−0.041^a	−0.062, −0.021	−0.023	−0.102, 0.056	−0.045^a	−0.066, −0.024
Percent of pop. uninsured	0.007	−0.005, 0.020	0.003	−0.039, 0.044	0.007	−0.005, 0.020
Number of outpatient visits/1,000 pop.	0.033^a	0.023, 0.042	0.010	−0.028, 0.048	0.033^a	0.024, 0.042
Recreation context
Number of recreation facilities/1,000 pop.	−0.457	−0.809, −0.104	−2.355^a	−3.770, −0.940	−0.341	−0.689, 0.006
Natural amenities (low of 1 to high of 7)	0.084^a	0.042, 0.127	0.221^a	0.095, 3.48	0.048	0.004, 0.092
Food environment
Number of grocery stores & supercenters/1,000 pop.	0.059	−0.090, 0.208	0.465	−0.123, 1.054	0.053	−0.096, 0.201
Number of fast food restaurants/1,000 pop.	−0.032	−0.125, 0.062	0.072	−0.261, 0.405	−0.039	−0.132, 0.055
Population structure
Percent of families headed by single mothers	0.013	0.002, 0.025	−0.010	−0.036, 0.015	0.020^a	0.007, 0.032
Percent of pop. 65 and older	−0.032^a	−0.041, −0.024	−0.024	−0.055, 0.007	−0.030^a	−0.038, −0.021
Percent of pop. African American	0.020^a	0.017, 0.024	0.031^a	0.023, 0.038	0.022^a	0.016, 0.027
Percent of pop. Hispanic	−0.012^a	−0.016, −0.008	0.023	−0.007, 0.053	−0.016^a	−0.020, −0.012
Metropolitan (ref.)	----		----		----
Micropolitan	−0.112^a	−0.189, −0.034	−0.122	−0.318, 0.073	−0.089	−0.172, −0.006
Noncore	−0.049	−0.132, 0.035	−0.126	−0.323, 0.071	−0.025	−0.115, 0.066
Education level
Percent of adults with less than high school	0.007	−0.001, 0.015	−0.004	−0.023, 0.014	0.012^a	0.004, 0.021
Spatial Lag	0.072^a	0.032, 0.113	0.148^a	0.046, 0.249	0.013	−0.032, 0.058
Intercept	8.675^a	8.437, 8.914	10.144^a	9.787, 10.501	8.605^a	8.369, 8.841
Adjusted R²	0.865		0.635		0.800
Sum of Squares Residual	10,257.488		723.158		4,555.407
N	3,109		644		2,465
Spatial Chow test for differences between Diabetes Belt vs. Non-Diabetes Belt			131.41^a

Notes: ‘Pop.’ is an abbreviation for ‘population. Unstandardized regression coefficients from regression models with state fixed effects. Number of outpatient visits per 1,000 pop. coefficient multiplied by 1,000. CI=confidence interval.

p<.01.

Source: Obesity and physical inactivity prevalence data are from the CDC County-level Estimates of Obesity and Leisure-Time Physical Inactivity. Uninsured data are from the U.S. Census Bureau’s Small Area Health Insurance Estimates. Physician and outpatient visits data are from the Area Resource File, via the Department of Health and Human Services. Recreation facilities, grocery stores and supercenters, and fast food restaurant data are from the USDA Economic Research Service Food Environment Atlas and the U.S. Census Bureau’s County Business Patterns. Metropolitan, micropolitan, and noncore status data are from the USDA Economic Research Service. All other data were obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau’s 2005–2009 American Community Survey 5-year Estimates.