Table 4.

Mouse studies of ART and metabolic effects

Reference	Experimental groups	Genetic background	Superovulation	Embryo Culture	Transfer	Sex	Findings
Calle et al. 2012	SO+IVC+ET Control: Not explicitly described.	B6xCBA	7.5 IU PMSG 7.5 IU hCG	KSOM medium with 10% FCS	surgical transfer to CD-1 females	Males only	Mice produced after IVC had normal fasting glucose levels but impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. No differences in mean body weight but differences in variance.
Chen et al. 2014a	IVF SO+ET Control: ET IVF+ET high fat diet SO+ET high fat diet Control: ET high fat diet	C57BL/6	7.5 IU PMSG 7.5 IU hCG	Research Vitro Cleave medium to the blastocyst stage under 5% oxygen	surgical transfer to CBAxB6 females	Males only	Birth weight of SO+ET and IVF mice was reduced compared to controls. IVF mice had increased fasting glucose levels and impaired glucose tolerance compared to ET or SO+ET mice on regular or high fat diet. Insulin levels were reduced in IVF and SO+ET mice on high fat diet only.
Chen et al. 2014b	IVF SO+ET Control: ET IVF+ET high fat diet SO+ET high fat diet Control: ET high fat diet	C57BL/6	7.5 IU PMSG 7.5 IU hCG	Research Vitro Cleave medium to the blastocyst stage under 5% oxygen	surgical transfer to CBAxB6 females	Females only	Birth weight of SO+ET and IVF mice was reduced compared to controls. Body weight reduced in IVF mice until weaning. SO+ET groups displayed catch-up growth. Both IVF and SO+ET mice had increased fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance in response to high fat diet in comparison with controls.
Donjacour et al. 2014	IVF Whitten’s medium Control: SO+ET	CF-1xB6D2F1	5 IU PMSG 5 IU hCG	Whitten’s medium under 20% oxygen	surgical transfer to CF-1 females	Males and females	IVF mice cultured in Whitten’s medium had impaired glucose tolerance compared to IVF males under more optimal conditions or controls. No differences among any groups in percent body fat, fasting insulin levels, or insulin resistance.
Feuer et al. 2014	IVF Whitten’s medium IVF KSOM+AA medium Control: SO+ET	C57BL/6	5 IU PMSG 5 IU hCG	Whitten’s medium under 20% oxygen or KSOM+AA under 5% oxygen	surgical transfer to CF-1 females	Males and females	IVF Whitten’s males and females were smaller at birth than controls. IVF Whitten’s females had impaired glucose tolerance males trended, but were not significant. BMI was reduced in Whitten’s males and females. IVF KSOM females were smaller at birth than controls, exhibited catch-up growth and increased fat deposition as adults. IVF KSOM females had increased fasting glucose levels but glucose tolerance was normal. No metabolic differences were observed in IVF KSOM males.
Rexhaj et al. 2013	IVF Control: natural	FVB	5 IU PMSG 5 IU hCG	to blastocyst stage in sequential G1 and G2 media	Surgical transfer to NMRI females	Males only	IVF mice had 25% reduced lifespan than controls on high fat diet.
Scott et al. 2010	IVF ICSI Control: natural with unilateral tubal ligation to reduce litter size	B6C3F1	5 IU PMSG 5 IU hCG	CZB medium culture to two-cell stage	Surgical transfer to CD-1 females	Males and females	IVF and ICSI males and females increased birth weight, but were normal by 1 week. IVF and ICSI females had impaired glucose tolerance but fasting glucose levels were normal. No differences were observed in males.

BP=blood pressure; ET=embryo transfer; FCS=fetal calf serum; hCG=human chorionic gonadotropin; ICSI=intracytoplasmic sperm injection; IU=international unit; IVC=in vivo fertilization but embryos were cultured; PMSG=pregnant mare serum gonadotropin; SO=superovulation.