Table 3.
Average treatment effects: primary and secondary outcomes
| Control | Intent-to-treat (N = 270) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | Scale (>)-1 | Mean -2 | s.d.-3 | β-4 | s.e.-5 | 95% CI-6 | Δ-7 |
| Primary outcomes | |||||||
| Parenting behaviors | |||||||
| Harsh discipline composite, caregiver report | 0–4 (−) | 0.88 | 0.80 | −0.49 | 0.08*** | (−0.65 to −0.33) | −0.61 |
| Positive behavior management composite, caregiver report | z (+) | −0.11 | 1.01 | 0.25 | 0.12* | (0.02–0.48) | 0.24 |
| Caregiver–child interactions | |||||||
| Positive interaction composite, caregiver report | 1–10 (+) | 7.69 | 1.58 | 0.34 | 0.17* | (0.01–0.67) | 0.22 |
| Positive interaction composite, child report | 0–3 (+) | 1.81 | 0.82 | 0.32 | 0.09*** | (0.13–0.5) | 0.38 |
| Secondary outcomes | |||||||
| Communication | |||||||
| Caregiver praises normalized by number of verbalizations | ratio (+) | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.01 | (−0.01 to 0.02) | 0.10 |
| Number of child verbalizations | count (+) | 87.57 | 66.89 | −6.24 | 7.03 | (−20.09 to 7.61) | −0.09 |
| Child verbalizations as percentage of total verbalizations | 0–100 (+) | 63.07 | 24.65 | −1.93 | 2.86 | (−7.57 to 3.71) | −0.08 |
| Child cognitive abilities | |||||||
| Child language ability | z (+) | 0.03 | 0.91 | 0.09 | 0.10 | (−0.11 to 0.28) | 0.10 |
| Child numeracy and counting | 0–7 (+) | 4.85 | 2.04 | 0.38 | 0.21˙ | (−0.03 to 0.78) | 0.18 |
| Child wellbeing | |||||||
| SDQ: hyperactivity, caregiver report | 0–10 (−) | 4.21 | 1.82 | −0.17 | 0.22 | (−0.59 to 0.26) | −0.09 |
| SDQ: emotional, caregiver report | 0–10 (−) | 4.16 | 1.90 | −0.33 | 0.24 | (−0.79 to 0.14) | −0.17 |
| SDQ: conduct, caregiver report | 0–10 (−) | 2.09 | 1.65 | 0.06 | 0.21 | (−0.34 to 0.47) | 0.04 |
| Malaria prevention | |||||||
| Household owns bed net, caregiver report | 0–1 (+) | 0.90 | 0.31 | 0 | 0.03 | (−0.07 to 0.07) | −0.01 |
| Child slept under the bed net last night, caregiver report | 0–1 (+) | 0.87 | 0.33 | −0.01 | 0.04 | (−0.08 to 0.07) | −0.03 |
SDQ, strengths and difficulties questionnaire
˙p < 0.1, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
Note. This table reports average treatment effects (ATE) that are based on a comparison of caregivers assigned to the treatment and control groups. Column 1 lists the scale of each outcome. The character in parentheses indicates the valence of higher values: good (+) or bad (−). Columns 2 and 3 report unadjusted means and standard deviations (s.d.) among the control group. Columns 4 and 5 report the results from an ordinary least squares regression of each outcome on an indicator of assignment to treatment, community fixed effects (omitted), and a vector of baseline covariates (omitted). Column 6 reports the 95% confidence interval (CI) on the estimate reported in column 4. Column 7 reports Glass's Δ, a standardized effect size (ATE/control group s.d.).