Table 4.
Comparison of characteristics and executive function measures between ADHD v. non-ADHD subjects
| Overall sample (n = 232) | ADHD (n = 13) | Non-ADHD (n = 219) | β coefficient. from logistic regression (p value)* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (s.d.) | Mean (s.d.) | Mean (s.d.) | ||
| Age | 7.8 (2.0) | 7.8 (2.2) | 7.8 (2.0) | −0.29 (0.37) |
| Sex (% females) | 125 (53.9%) | 9 (69.2%) | 116 (53.0%) | 0.69 (0.33)d |
| BRIEF scales/indicesa | ||||
| Working memory | 54.8 (10.6) | 72.5 (12.1) | 53.8 (9.5) | 0.18 (<0.001) |
| Inhibit | 51.0 (11.4) | 69.9 (13.0) | 49.8 (10.3) | 0.16 (0.02) |
| Shift | 54.1 (11.4) | 68.2 (15.6) | 53.3 (10.5) | 0.10 (<0.001) |
| Emotion control | 55.5 (12.9) | 68.1 (15.0) | 54.7 (12.4) | 0.08 (<0.01) |
| Plan/organize | 56.4 (12.2) | 71.9 (12.0) | 55.5 (11.6) | 0.12 (0.001) |
| (Emerging) metacognition index | 53.1 (12.1) | 71.3 (13.0) | 52.0 (11.2) | 0.15 (0.11) |
| Global executive composite | 53.4 (11.8) | 73.0 (14.4) | 52.2 (10.5) | 0.16 (<0.001) |
| TOVA scalesb | ||||
| TOVA ADHD score | −2.85 (3.6) | −0.93 (3.1) | −2.97 (3.58) | 0.17 (0.04) |
| TOVA total commission errors (%) | 13.3 (12.9) | 13.4 (14.7) | 13.3 (12.8) | 0.008 (0.88) |
| TOVA total omission errors (%) | 24.3 (24.3) | 11.2 (17.1) | 25.1 (24.4) | −0.04 (0.14)d |
| TOVA response time (ms) | 699.0 (175.3) | 682.6 (137.6) | 700.0 (177.5) | −0.0006 (0.67) |
| TOVA response time variability | 263.9 (99.4) | 232.5 (27.1) | 265.8 (7.0) | −0.004 (0.27) |
| KABC scoresb | ||||
| Mental Processing index | 32.9 (9.1) | 32.8 (7.7) | 32.9 (9.2) | 0.01 (0.86) |
| Number recall | 6.4 (2.1) | 6.75 (1.5) | 6.4 (2.2) | 0.08 (0.40)d |
| Sequential processing scalec | 73.0 (10.4) | 74.8 (8.0) | 72.9 (10.5) | 0.02 (0.42)d |
| Simultaneous processing scalec | 64.0 (9.4) | 62.0 (7.3) | 64.1 (9.5) | −0.03 (0.32)d |
| Planning/reasoning scalec | 59.7 (7.1) | 59.9 (6.4) | 59.7 (7.1) | 0.004 (0.93) |
| Learning ability scalec | 68.0 (10.2) | 67.7 (10.7) | 68.0 (10.2) | 0.04 (0.58) |
| Delayed recall scalec | 69.4 (10.0) | 71.2 (9.3) | 69.3 (10.1) | 0.02 (0.34)d |
| Non-verbal indexc | 58.4 (9.1) | 57.1 (10.0) | 58.5 (9.0) | 0.003 (0.97) |
a
BRIEF scales and indices presented as t-scores.
b
N for TOVA & KABC: ADHD (n = 12), non-ADHD (n = 200) as only children age 5 and over were assessed.
c
Values indicated for these scales and indices are standard scores.
d
Indicates standard regression models adjusted for clustering by primary caregiver; used when mixed-effects models failed to converge.
*
p values for mixed effects logistic regression models included clustering by primary caregiver.