Table 2.
Hospital outcomes at 22 to 28 weeks’ gestation for multiples by exposure to ANS
| Outcome | ANS (n=6094) |
No ANS (n=831) |
No. missing |
|---|---|---|---|
| Death | |||
| No. (%) | 1220/6078 (20%) | 328 (39%) | 16 |
| RR (95% CI) | |||
| Unadjusted | 0.52 (0.46–0.59) | 16 | |
| Adjusteda | 0.87 (0.78–0.96) | 256 | |
| RDS | |||
| No. (%) | 5767/5892 (98%) | 708/722 (98%) | 311 |
| aRR (95% CI)a | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 523 | |
| BPDb | |||
| No. (%) | 2206/4947 (45%) | 222/514 (43%) | 1464 |
| aRR (95% CI)a | 1.08 (0.97–1.21) | 1618 | |
| NEC | |||
| No. (%) | 549/5895 (9%) | 62/723 (9%) | 307 |
| aRR (95% CI)a | 1.30 (0.98–1.72)c | 519 | |
| ROP | |||
| No. (%) | 2840/4875 (58%) | 307/517 (59%) | 1533 |
| aRR (95% CI)a | 1.05 (0.97–1.14) | 1683 | |
| Severe ROP | |||
| No. (%) | 814/4865 (17%) | 115/516 (22%) | 1544 |
| aRR (95% CI)a | 0.96 (0.80–1.15) | 1693 | |
| IVH grade 3–4 and/or PVL | |||
| No. (%) | 948/5725 (17%) | 192/672 (29%) | 528 |
| aRR (95% CI)a | 0.68 (0.58–0.78) | 727 | |
| BPDb or death | |||
| No. (%) | 3322/6063 (55%) | 536/828 (65%) | 34 |
| aRR (95% CI)a | 1.07 (1.01–1.14) | 272 | |
| NEC and/or death | |||
| No. (%) | 1512/6090 (25%) | 362 (44%) | 4 |
| aRR (95% CI)a | 0.91 (0.83–0.996) | 244 | |
| ROP and/or death | |||
| No. (%) | 1992/5934 (34%) | 432/824 (52%) | 167 |
| aRR (95% CI)a | 1.04 (0.96–1.13) | 398 | |
| IVH grade 3–4 and/or PVL and/or death | |||
| No. (%) | 1739/6061 (29%) | 416/828 (50%) | 36 |
| aRR (95% CI)a | 0.83 (0.76–0.90) | 273 | |
Abbreviations: ANS, antenatal corticosteroids; aRR, adjusted relative risk; BPD, bronchopulmonary dysplasia; IVH, intraventricular hemorrhage; NEC, necrotizing enterocolitis; PVL, periventricular leukomalacia; RDS, respiratory distress syndrome; ROP, retinopathy of prematurity; RR, relative risk.
Generalized estimation equation models adjusted for center, year of birth, maternal age (≤19 vs. ≥20 years), sex, race/ethnicity (black, white, or other), marital status, diabetes, hypertension, rupture of membrane more than 24 hours, gestational age, and small for gestational age. Composite outcomes include death by the age of diagnosis of morbidity (36 weeks for BPD, NEC, and IVH/PVL; discharge for severe ROP).
BPD defined as supplemental oxygen at 36 weeks, or discharged/transferred on oxygen prior to 36 weeks’ postmenstrual age and after 28 days of life.
Not adjusted for center; model did not converge with center included.