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. 2015 Oct 8;2(1):20. doi: 10.1186/s40580-015-0050-x

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© Narayan and Kim. 2015

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited.

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Fig. 4 — Diazaperopyrenium for effective graphene exfoliation. a-b Structural formulas of diazaperopyrenium dication (MP²⁺) a and diazapyrenium dication (DAP²⁺) (b). c-e Photographs of graphite/H₂O(c), MP.2Cl/ H₂O d and graphite/ MP.2Cl /H₂O under ambient light and under UV light (insets). (f) TEM images of MP •2Cl/Graphene composite material. g SAED pattern of MP •2Cl/ Graphene. h AFM height image of MP •2Cl/Graphene. (i) Height profile of AFM image corresponding to the line shown in Fig. 4(h). j Probability of occurrence of graphene layers with various thickness measured by AFM height image. a-j reproduced from ref. 45 with permission, © Wiley-VCH)