Table 1. Handoff difference between PMIPv6 and the proposed scheme when MN is moving.

	Movement	Registered LMA	Proposed Scheme	PMIPv6
1	A → B	LMA_4,2	LMA Changing	LMA handover
2	B → C	LMA_4,2	None	LMA handover
3	C → D	LMA_4,2	None	LMA handover
4	D → E	LMA_5,1	LMA Changing	None
5	E → F	LMA_5,1	None	None
6	F → G	LMA_5,1	None	None
7	G → H	LMA_2,2	LMA Changing	LMA handover
8	H → I	LMA_3,1	LMA Changing, LMA handover	None
9	I → J	LMA_3,2	LMA Changing	LMA handover
10	J → K	LMA_6,1	LMA Changing	None
11	K → L	LMA_6,1	None	None
12	L → M	LMA_6,2	LMA Changing, LMA handover	LMA handover
13	M → N	LMA_9,1	LMA Changing	None
14	N → O	LMA_8,2	LMA Changing	LMA handover