Table 3.
Individual muscle comparison for the UEC, LEC, and quadriceps
| HHD | Score | Week 24 Treatment Comparisons | Week 48 Treatment Comparisons | ||
| 6 g/day Ace-ER (N = 15) | 3 g/day Ace-ER (N = 18) | 6/6 + 0/6 g Ace-ER (N = 24) | 6/6 g Ace-ER (N = 15) | ||
| vs Placebo (N = 14) | vs Placebo (N = 14) | vs 3/3 + 0/3 g (N = 23) | vs 3/3 g (N = 18) | ||
| LS means | LS means | LS means | LS means | ||
| difference (95% CI) | difference (95% CI) | difference (95% CI) | difference (95% CI) | ||
| Upper Extremity Composite | |||||
| UEC (kg) | +2.33 (0.11, 4.55)* | +0.59 (–1.74, 2.92) | +3.46 (1.17, 5.75)** | +2.82 (–0.75, 6.39) | |
| Upper Extremity Muscle Groups | |||||
| Grip | Force (kg) | +1.51 (0.42, 2.60) | +0.14 (–1.23, 1.51) | +0.82 (–0.66, 2.29) | +1.47 (–0.66, 3.59) |
| % Predicted | +4.80 (1.45, 8.15) | +0.64 (–3.034, 4.31) | +2.50 (–1.71, 6.71) | +3.47 (–1.79, 8.73) | |
| Elbow Flexors | Force (kg) | +0.54 (–0.25, 1.34) | +0.52 (0.04, 1.00) | +0.63 (–0.20, 1.46) | +0.32 (–0.97, 1.60) |
| % Predicted | +2.06 (–1.95, 6.07) | +3.03 (0.74, 5.33) | +2.37 (–1.60, 6.34) | –0.78 (–7.11, 5.56) | |
| Elbow Extensors | Force (kg) | +0.80 (–0.11, 1.71) | +0.45 (–0.24, 1.15) | +0.24 (–0.35, 0.83) | +0.40 (–0.50, 1.30) |
| % Predicted | +4.37 (–0.70, 9.44) | +3.31 (–0.95, 7.56) | +1.69 (–1.60, 4.98) | +1.77 (–3.15, 6.69) | |
| Shoulder Abductors | Force (kg) | +0.32 (–0.55, 1.19) | –0.07 (–0.91, 0.78) | +1.31 (0.47, 2.16) | +1.00 (–0.17, 2.16) |
| % Predicted | +0.67 (–4.82, 6.17) | –0.42 (–5.64, 4.81) | +6.30 (1.37, 11.22) | +3.55 (–3.13, 10.22) | |
| Lower Extremity Composite | |||||
| LEC (kg) | +1.06 (–3.04, 5.17) | +1.52 (–2.34, 5.38) | +1.31 (–2.49, 5.10) | –0.25 (–4.33, 3.83) | |
| Lower Extremity Muscle Groups | |||||
| Hip Abductors | Force (kg) | +0.53 (–1.10, 2.17) | +1.29 (–0.29, 2.87) | –0.47 (–2.20, 1.25) | –0.54 (–2.76, 1.68) |
| % Predicted | +0.94 (–5.21, 7.10) | +5.62 (–2.22, 13.47) | –1.95 (–9.62, 5.72) | –4.37 (–14.50, 5.76) | |
| Hip Adductors | Force (kg) | –0.22 (–1.20, 0.76) | +0.12 (–0.84, 1.07) | +0.44 (–0.72, 1.61) | –0.23 (–1.22, 0.77) |
| % Predicted | –0.61 (–4.79, 3.57) | +0.43 (–3.81, 4.67) | +2.47 (–3.08, 8.03) | –1.22 (–5.60, 3.17) | |
| Hip Extensors | Force (kg) | +1.43 (–0.73, 3.59) | –0.07 (–1.85, 1.71) | +1.60 (–0.16, 3.36) | +0.89 (–1.31, 3.08) |
| % Predicted | +3.15 (–3.33, 9.63) | –0.18 (–5.58, 5.22) | +4.64 (–0.75, 10.04) | +1.33 (–5.10, 7.75) | |
| Hip Flexors | Force (kg) | –0.27 (–1.66, 1.13) | –0.40 (–1.31, 0.52) | +0.04 (–1.02, 1.11) | –0.31 (–1.09, 0.47) |
| % Predicted | –0.60 (–3.21, 2.02) | –1.03 (–3.04, 0.99) | +0.23 (–1.81, 2.26) | –0.49 (–2.30, 1.32) | |
| Knee Flexors | Force (kg) | +0.32 (–0.38, 1.01) | +0.15 (–0.45, 0.76) | +0.11 (–0.49, 0.70) | 0.49 (–0.20, 1.18) |
| % Predicted | +1.58 (–1.47, 4.64) | +0.53 (–2.39, 3.45) | +0.92 (–1.66, 3.51) | +2.35 (–0.83, 5.52) | |
| Quadriceps | |||||
| Knee Extensors | Force (kg) | +1.65 (–0.91, 4.21) | +1.22 (–0.65, 3.09) | –0.07 (–2.32, 2.18) | –1.43 (–4.12, 1.25) |
| % Predicted | +4.30 (–0.95, 9.55) | +4.10 (0.04, 8.16) | –0.64 (–5.88, 4.60) | –4.39 (–10.73, 1.96) | |
*P = 0.040; **P = 0.0031 CI = confidence interval; HHD = hand-held dynamometry; LS = least squares; Ace-ER = sialic acid-extended release; Individual muscle group scores are comprised of the averages of the left- and right-side data. The Ace-ER comparisons are based on the LS means and CI derived from the GEE model.