Table 4.
Hazard ratios (and 95% confidence intervals) from multivariate Cox proportional hazard models for time from first drink to onset of DSM-5 AUD
| Predictor (risk period [years since first drink]) | Hazard ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|
| Parental AUD | |
| Father AUD, mother unaffected | 1.15(0.95-1.39) |
| Mother AUD, father unaffected | 1.25 (1.01-1.55) |
| Both parents AUD | 1.28 (1.04-1.57) |
| Mother or father unaffected, co-parent status AUD possible | 1.44 (1.01-2.05) |
| Mother or father unaffected, co-parent status unknown | 0.70 (0.38-1.32) |
| Neither parent affected | 1.00 (referent group) |
| Parental Separation | 0.86 (0.74-1.01) |
| Cannabis usea | 2.52 (2.07-3.06) |
| Internalizinga | 1.42(1.23-1.63) |
| Externalizinga | 1.80 (1.55-2.10) |
| Assaultive trauma | 1.12 (0.96-1.30) |
| Non-assaultive traumaa | 1.14 (.99-1.32) |
| Perceived substance use of peers | 1.36(1.08-1.70) |
Interactions between predictor variable and years since first drink were modeled to satisfy the proportional hazards assumption when the assumption was violated.
Other covariates included were: offspring birth cohort (1982-86 (referent), 1987-89, 1990-93, 1994 and later; Gender; African American v non-African American background; Income (<$30,000, $30,000-<$75,000, >= $75,000); case (v comparison) family status; and indicator variables for age at first drink (12 and younger, 13,14,15,17,18, and 19 or older. 16 was the median age and used as the referent).
a
defined as time-varying