Table 1.

The specific impact to learning and memory of the conditioned response by lesions of the hippocampus, cortex, amygdala, and thalamus is related to the phase of conditioning in which the lesions occur. Representative studies on rats, rabbits, and humans used various experimental preparations and performance criteria yet show patterns of effects on the acquisition and retention of a conditioned response (CR) for delay and trace paradigms based on the age of the memory (degree of consolidation)

Lesions of the hippocampus	Before conditioning	Early after conditioning	Late after conditioning
Delay paradigm	CR acquisition: YES Berger 1984 Chen et al. 1995 Daum et al. 1996 Ivkovich & Thompson 1997 Lee & Kim 2004 Port et al. 1986 Schmaltz & Theios 1972 Shors et al. 1992 Solomon & Moore 1975 Weizenkratz & Warrington 1979	CR retention: YES Akase et al. 1989 Orr & Berger 1985 Port et al. 1986 CR retention: NO (long ISI) Beylin et al. 2001	CR retention: YES Akase et al. 1989
Trace paradigm	CR acquisition: NO Anagnostaras et al. 1999 Berry & Thompson 1979 Clark & Squire 1998 Garrud et al. 1984 Gabrieli et al. 1995 Ivkovich & Thompson 1997 James et al. 1987 Kaneko & Thompson 1997 Kim et al. 1995 Little et al. 1984 McGlinchey-Berroth et al. 1997 Orr & Berger 1985 Flores & Disterhoft 2009 Schmajuk et al. 1994 Schmaltz & Theios 1972 Solomon & Moore 1975 Solomon et al. 1990 Weiss & Thompson 1991a&b Woodruff-Pak 2001	CR retention: NO Kim et al. 1995 Moyer et al. 1990 Takehara et al. 2003 CR retention: YES (short ISI) Walker & Steinmetz 2008	CR retention: YES Kim et al. 1995 Takehara et al. 2003
Lesions of the cortex	Before conditioning	Early after conditioning	Late after conditioning
Delay paradigm	CR acquisition: YES Mauk & Thompson 1987 McLaughlin et al. 2002 Oakley & Russell 1972 Takehara et al. 2003 Yeo et al. 1984	CR retention: YES Oakley & Steele Russell 1972 Takehara et al. 2003 Yeo et al. 1984	CR retention: YES Oakley & Steele Russell 1972 Takehara et al. 2003 Yeo et al. 1984
Trace paradigm	CR acquisition: YES Frankland & Bobtempi 2005 McLaughlin et al. 2002 (short ISI) Oakley & Steele Russell 1972 Simon et al. 2005 Takehara et al. 2003 Yeo et al. 1984 CR acquisition: impaired Kronforst & Disterhoft 1998 McLaughlin et al. 2002 (long ISI) Weible et al. 2000	CR retention: YES Frankland & Bobtempi 2005 Oakley & Steele Russell 1972 Simon et al. 2005 Takehara et al. 2003 Yeo et al. 1984	CR retention: NO Frankland & Bobtempi 2005 Oakley & Steele Russell 1972 Powell et al. 2001 Simon et al. 2005 Takehara et al. 2003 Yeo et al. 1984
Lesions of the amygdala	Before conditioning	Early after conditioning	Late after conditioning
Delay paradigm	CR acquisition: YES but decelerated Bechara et al. 1995 Blankenship et al 2005 Lee & Kim 2004	CR retention: YES but impaired Lee & Kim 2004 McGaugh 2002	CR retention: YES Lee & Kim 2004
Trace  paradigm	--Data not found Predict CR acquisition: YES but decelerated	--Data not found Predict CR retention: YES Büchel et al. 1999 Chau & Galvez 2012	--Data not found Predict CR retention: YES Büchel et al. 1999 Chau & Galvez 2012
Lesions of the thalamus	Before conditioning	Early after conditioning	Late after conditioning
Delay paradigm	CR acquisition: YES but decelerated Buchanan & Thompson 1990 Halverson & Freeman 2006	--Data not found Predict CR retention- Yes, but impaired	--Data not found Predict CR retention- Yes, but impaired
Trace paradigm	CR acquisition: YES but decelerated Halverson, Poremba, & Freeman 2008 Powell & Churchwell 2002	--Data not found Predict CR retention- Yes, but impaired	--Data not found Predict CR retention- Yes, but impaired