Figure 1.2. Metabolic regulations by p53.
p53 inhibits glycolysis by downregulation of glycolytic enzyme, glucose transportor (GLUTs), and F-2,6-BP, a glycolysis activator. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is also maintained by p53 through facilitating cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) assembly. Increasing conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and transcription of glutaminase for glutaminolysis ultimately elevate the metabolites in the TCA cycle. p53 also inhibits fatty acid synthesis and activates fatty acid oxidation.