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. 2017 Jan 30;7:17. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00017

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Copyright © 2017 Li, Luo, Xu, Zheng, Abdalla, Feng, Cai, Zhang, Nie and Zhang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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MDA5 can detect ALV-J infections and trigger the MDA5 signaling pathway. The expression of ALV-J env (A) mRNA and (B) protein were downregulated in DF-1 cells that overexpressed MDA5 3 days after the ALV-J infections. (C) The mRNA expression of MDA5 signaling pathway-related innate and antiviral genes was upregulated in DF-1 cells that overexpressed MDA5. (D) The sample-to-positive ratio of virion secreted in the supernatants was downregulated in DF-1 cells that overexpressed MDA5 (n = 6). The expression of ALV-J env (E) mRNA and (F) protein were upregulated in MDA5 knockdown DF-1 cells. (G) The mRNA expression of MDA5 signaling pathway-related innate and antiviral genes was downregulated in MDA5 knockdown DF-1 cells. (H) The sample-to-positive ratio of virion secreted in the supernatants was upregulated after MDA5 knockdown by siRNA (n = 6). In panels (A–C,E–G), the data shown are the mean ± the SEM from three independent experiments. In panels (D,H), the results were confirmed by three independent experiments with six (cell number) samples per treatment. Asterisks denote statistically significant differences: ^*, ^**, ^***, and ^**** indicate P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001, and P < 0.0001, respectively. ALV-J, Avian leukosis virus subgroup J; MDA5, melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5; SEM, standard error of the mean; siRNA, small interfering RNA.