Table 1.
Study characteristics
| Non-exposed n=14 847 No. (%) |
SSRI n=2327 |
SNRI n=738 |
TCA n=382 |
Other antidepressants n=193 |
p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pregnancy-related | ||||||
| Gestational age (weeks), mean (±SD) | 38.7±1.9 | 38.5±1.9 | 38.4±2.0 | 38.5±2.4 | 38.5±2.3 | 0.10 |
| Birth weight (g), mean (±SD) | 3309.7±562.7 | 3252.1±567.4 | 3226.2±566.0 | 3218.7±583.3 | 3247.5±620.7 | <0.001 |
| Newborn gender (male) | 7595 (51.2) | 1190 (51.1) | 377 (51.2) | 197 (51.2) | 109 (56.5) | 0.70 |
| Measure on the first day of gestation | ||||||
| Maternal age, years, mean (±SD) | 27.6±5.7 | 28.4±5.7 | 27.9±5.2 | 29.2±6.2 | 29.0±6.2 | <0.001 |
| Urban dweller, n (%) | 12 404 (83.6) | 1897 (81.5) | 609 (82.5) | 312 (81.7) | 160 (82.9) | 0.14 |
| Welfare recipient, n (%) | 5852 (39.4) | 1058 (45.6) | 298 (40.4) | 167 (43.7) | 100 (51.8) | <0.001 |
| Living alone, n (%) | 3056 (20.6) | 568 (24.4) | 192 (26.0) | 95 (24.9) | 55 (28.5) | <0.001 |
| Maternal comorbidities in the year before or during pregnancy | ||||||
| Diabetes, n (%) | 296 (2.0) | 54 (2.3) | 13 (1.8) | 17 (4.5) | 5 (2.6) | 0.015 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 682 (4.6) | 122 (5.2) | 46 (6.2) | 44 (11.5) | 16 (8.3) | <0.001 |
| Asthma, n (%) | 2655 (17.9) | 530 (22.8) | 165 (22.4) | 92 (24.1) | 56 (29.0) | <0.001 |
| Health services usage in the year before or during the first trimester | ||||||
| Visits to a physician, mean (±SD) | 9.2±7.1 | 9.7±8.1 | 8.5±6.7 | 11.7±10.2 | 10.5±7.7 | <0.001 |
| Visits to a general practitioner, mean (±SD) | 6.6±5.2 | 7.1±5.9 | 6.7±5.0 | 7.9±7.2 | 7.6±5.8 | <0.001 |
| Visits to specialists other than psychiatrists or obstetricians, mean (±SD) | 1.7±3.0 | 1.9±4.2 | 1.3±3.2 | 2.7±3.6 | 2.1±3.2 | <0.001 |
| At least one | ||||||
| Psychiatrist visit | 137 (0.9) | 14 (0.6) | 4 (0.5) | 11 (2.9) | 2 (1.0) | <0.001 |
| Obstetrician visit | 4790 (32.3) | 566 (24.3) | 151 (20.5) | 121 (31.7) | 51 (26.4) | <0.001 |
| ED visit | 2869 (19.3) | 482 (20.7) | 240 (35.5) | 69 (18.1) | 44 (22.8) | <0.001 |
| Hospitalisation | 1091 (7.4) | 193 (8.3) | 82 (11.1) | 30 (7.9) | 21 (10.9) | 0.001 |
| Benzodiazepine prescription filled | 3218 (21.7) | 1012 (43.5) | 274 (37.1) | 91 (23.8) | 73 (37.8) | <0.001 |
| No. of medications used other than antidepressants/benzodiazepines | ||||||
| 0 | 2620 (17.7) | 216 (9.3) | 64 (8.7) | 26 (6.8) | 7 (3.6) | |
| 1–2 | 4334 (29.2) | 644 (27.7) | 206 (27.9) | 84 (22.0) | 54 (28.0) | |
| 3–5 | 4674 (31.5) | 825 (35.5) | 253 (34.3) | 103 (27.0) | 65 (33.7) | |
| ≥6 | 3219 (21.7) | 642 (27.6) | 215 (29.1) | 169 (44.2) | 67 (34.7) | <0.001 |
| No. of different prescribers | ||||||
| 0–1 | 2374 (16.0) | 155 (6.7) | 46 (6.2) | 23 (6.0) | 4 (2.1) | |
| 2–3 | 5642 (38.0) | 824 (35.4) | 274 (37.1) | 121 (31.7) | 67 (34.7) | |
| >3 | 6831 (46.0) | 1348 (57.9) | 418 (56.6) | 238 (62.3) | 122 (63.2) | <0.001 |
ED, emergency department visit; SNRI, serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; TCA, tricyclic antidepressants.