TABLE 3.
Single-variable multinomial logistic regression analysis for risk factors associated with tuberculosis cases in molecular clusters of different sizes in London (2010–2014)
| Cases in cluster n | |||
| 2 | 3–20 | >20 | |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Male | 0.94 (0.81–1.08) | 1.07 (0.95–1.19) | 1.16 (0.99–1.37)# |
| Age group years | |||
| 0–14 | 1.79 (1.08–2.97)# | 2.01 (1.35–2.99)# | 2.92 (1.82–4.68)# |
| 15–44 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 45–64 | 1.14 (0.95–1.36)# | 1.07 (0.93–1.23) | 1.00 (0.81–1.22)# |
| ≥65 | 0.74 (0.57–0.96)# | 0.69 (0.57–0.83)# | 0.47 (0.33–0.65)# |
| Ethnic group | |||
| White | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Black-Caribbean | 2.01 (1.25–3.22)# | 2.56 (1.77–3.72)# | 2.92 (1.89–4.50)# |
| Black-African | 1.03 (0.79–1.33) | 1.12 (0.92–1.37) | 1.04 (0.81–1.34)# |
| Black-Other | 1.39 (0.72–2.69) | 1.47 (0.88–2.46)# | 1.50 (0.79–2.83)# |
| Indian | 0.70 (0.54–0.89)# | 0.61 (0.50–0.73)# | 0.31 (0.24–0.40)# |
| Pakistani | 0.79 (0.58–1.08)# | 0.64 (0.50–0.82)# | 0.65 (0.47–0.90)# |
| Bangladeshi | 0.40 (0.27–0.60)# | 0.31 (0.23–0.43)# | 0.12 (0.06–0.22)# |
| Chinese | 0.58 (0.29–1.16)# | 0.48 (0.28–0.81)# | 0.25 (0.10–0.65)# |
| Mixed/other | 0.81 (0.62–1.06)# | 0.69 (0.56–0.85)# | 0.41 (0.30–0.55)# |
| Place of birth | |||
| Non-UK | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| UK | 1.77 (1.44–2.18)# | 2.55 (2.18–2.99)# | 4.11 (3.38–4.99)# |
| Time since entry to UK years | |||
| 0–1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2–4 | 0.93 (0.73–1.17) | 0.85 (0.70–1.03)# | 0.76 (0.56–1.02)# |
| 5–9 | 1.02 (0.80–1.31) | 1.14 (0.94–1.39)# | 1.20 (0.89–1.61) |
| ≥10 | 1.13 (0.90–1.41) | 1.35 (1.13–1.61)# | 1.22 (0.93–1.60)# |
| Occupation | |||
| Other | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| None | 1.09 (0.92–1.29) | 1.05 (0.93–1.20) | 1.54 (1.27–1.86)# |
| Education | 1.10 (0.88–1.37) | 1.14 (0.97–1.35)# | 1.54 (1.21–1.96)# |
| Healthcare | 1.08 (0.75–1.54) | 0.89 (0.67–1.19) | 0.50 (0.28–0.90)# |
| Pulmonary disease | |||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1.47 (1.28–1.70)# | 1.58 (1.42–1.77)# | 1.92 (1.63–2.26)# |
| Sputum smear | |||
| Negative | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Positive | 1.33 (1.11–1.59)# | 1.40 (1.22–1.61)# | 1.75 (1.44–2.13)# |
| Previous diagnosis | |||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1.51 (1.09–2.08)# | 1.50 (1.16–1.93)# | 1.67 (1.19–2.35)# |
| Previous treatment | |||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 3.03 (0.35–26.12) | 1.20 (0.37–3.86) | |
| Drug resistance¶ | |||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1.32 (1.05–1.67)# | 0.84 (0.68–1.02)# | 1.95 (1.55–2.46)# |
| Inpatient | |||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1.10 (0.95–1.27)# | 1.02 (0.91–1.14) | 1.17 (1.00–1.37)# |
| Homeless | |||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1.47 (1.02–2.12)# | 1.29 (0.96–1.74)# | 3.21 (2.33–4.43)# |
| Drug use | |||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1.29 (0.84–1.98) | 2.21 (1.64–2.98)# | 5.67 (4.13–7.78)# |
| Alcohol use | |||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1.27 (0.88–1.83)# | 1.72 (1.32–2.24)# | 2.32 (1.66–3.25)# |
| Prison | |||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1.32 (0.80–2.19) | 2.17 (1.52–3.09)# | 6.22 (4.32–8.95)# |
| Risk factor count+ | |||
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 1.11 (0.83–1.49) | 1.47 (1.19–1.82)# | 1.99 (1.51–2.63)# |
| 2 | 1.50 (0.87–2.60)# | 2.16 (1.44–3.23)# | 4.84 (3.11–7.52)# |
| 3 | 1.37 (0.60–3.13) | 2.09 (1.15–3.78)# | 7.89 (4.43–14.06)# |
| 4 | 9.73 (1.01–93.64)# | 9.15 (1.10–76.07)# | 43.53 (5.51–344.20)# |
| IMD quintile§ | 0.59 (0.54–0.63)# | 0.86 (0.81–0.91)# | 0.62 (0.57–0.68)# |
Data are presented as adjusted odds ratio (95% CI). IMD: index of multiple deprivation. #: p<0.2, included in initial multivariable model. ¶: resistance to any first-line antibiotic; +: cumulative number of social risk factors (history of homelessness, illicit drug use, alcohol misuse, imprisonment) reported by each case; §: IMD quintile of Lower Layer Super Output Area (LSOA) within London (lowest is most deprived), included as a continuous variable in multilevel model accounting for random effects of LSOA.