Table 4.
HRs and 95% CIs of cardiovascular disease (CVD) according to changes in ECG abnormalities in Code5
| Minnesota Code | At entry | After 10 years annual examination | No. at risk | Stroke | Coronary heart disease | Total CVD | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Code5 | No | → | None | 6900 | Cases | 598 (reference) | 192 (reference) | 774 (reference) |
| No | → | Minor | 1101 | Cases | 138 | 37 | 170 | |
| Age-adjusted and gender-adjusted HR (model 1) | 1.69 (1.40–2.03)*** | 1.51 (1.06–2.16)* | 1.63 (1.38–1.93)*** | |||||
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (model 2) | 1.44 (1.19–1.74)*** | 1.38 (0.96–1.99) | 1.42 (1.19–1.69)*** | |||||
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (model 3) | 1.43 (1.17–1.73)*** | 1.37 (0.95–1.98) | 1.41 (1.18–1.67)*** | |||||
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (model 4) | 1.40 (1.15–1.70)*** | 1.35 (0.93–1.95) | 1.38 (1.16–1.64)*** | |||||
| No | → | Major | 239 | Cases | 23 | 11 | 32 | |
| Age-adjusted and gender-adjusted HR (model 1) | 1.41 (0.93–2.14) | 2.27 (1.23–4.19)** | 1.54 (1.08–2.19)* | |||||
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (model 2) | 1.15 (0.76–1.76) | 2.07 (1.12–3.84)* | 1.29 (0.90–1.85) | |||||
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (model 3) | 1.09 (0.71–1.67) | 1.95 (1.05–3.64)* | 1.23 (0.86–1.76) | |||||
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (model 4) | 1.03 (0.67–1.57) | 1.92 (1.03–3.59)* | 1.17 (0.82–1.68) | |||||
| Minor | → | No | 178 | Cases | 11 | 11 | 22 | |
| Age-adjusted and gender-adjusted HR (model 1) | 0.74 (0.41–1.34) | 2.54 (1.38–4.68)** | 1.18 (0.77–1.80) | |||||
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (model 2) | 0.63 (0.34–1.14) | 2.19 (1.18–4.05)* | 1.01 (0.66–1.55) | |||||
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (model 3) | 0.58 (0.32–1.06) | 2.10 (1.13–3.91)* | 0.95 (0.62–1.46) | |||||
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (model 4) | 0.58 (0.32–1.06) | 2.10 (1.13–3.90)* | 0.95 (0.62–1.45) | |||||
| Minor | → | Minor | 488 | Cases | 61 | 19 | 79 | |
| Age-adjusted and gender-adjusted HR (model 1) | 1.48 (1.13–1.93)** | 1.55 (0.96–2.49) | 1.52 (1.20–1.92)*** | |||||
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (model 2) | 1.19 (0.90–1.56) | 1.36 (0.83–2.21) | 1.24 (0.98–1.58) | |||||
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (model 3) | 1.17 (0.89–1.54) | 1.36 (0.83–2.22) | 1.23 (0.97–1.57) | |||||
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (model 4) | 1.15 (0.88–1.52) | 1.33 (0.81–2.18) | 1.21 (0.95–1.54) | |||||
| Minor | → | Major | 212 | Cases | 43 | 10 | 53 | |
| Age-adjusted and gender-adjusted HR (model 1) | 2.65 (1.94–3.62)*** | 1.97 (1.04–3.74)* | 2.56 (1.93–3.39)*** | |||||
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (model 2) | 1.96 (1.42–2.70)*** | 1.72 (0.89–3.31) | 1.95 (1.46–2.61)*** | |||||
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (model 3) | 1.86 (1.34–2.58)*** | 1.69 (0.87–3.27) | 1.88 (1.40–2.52)*** | |||||
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (model 4) | 1.83 (1.32–2.55)*** | 1.66 (0.86–3.22) | 1.85 (1.38–2.48)*** | |||||
| Major | → | No | 30 | Cases | 3 | 1 | 4 | |
| Age-adjusted and gender-adjusted HR (model 1) | 1.63 (0.52–5.06) | 1.96 (0.27–14.00) | 1.71 (0.64–4.56) | |||||
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (model 2) | 1.61 (0.52–5.04) | 1.71 (0.24–12.35) | 1.65 (0.61–4.42) | |||||
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (model 3) | 1.63 (0.52–5.11) | 1.74 (0.24–12.61) | 1.67 (0.62–4.50) | |||||
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (model 4) | 1.64 (0.53–5.14) | 1.73 (0.24–12.52) | 1.68 (0.62–4.50) | |||||
| Major | → | Minor | 40 | Cases | 6 | 1 | 7 | |
| Age-adjusted and gender-adjusted HR (model 1) | 1.88 (0.84–4.21) | 1.11 (0.16–7.95) | 1.73 (0.82–3.66) | |||||
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (model 2) | 1.74 (0.78–3.91) | 0.98 (0.14–7.02) | 1.58 (0.75–3.34) | |||||
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (model 3) | 1.73 (0.77–3.89) | 0.96 (0.13–6.92) | 1.57 (0.74–3.31) | |||||
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (model 4) | 1.69 (0.75–3.80) | 0.94 (0.13–6.73) | 1.52 (0.72–3.22) | |||||
| Major | → | Major | 191 | Cases | 44 | 19 | 61 | |
| Age-adjusted and gender-adjusted HR (model 1) | 3.01 (2.21–4.10)*** | 4.54 (2.81–7.32)*** | 3.37 (2.59–4.39)*** | |||||
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (model 2) | 2.23 (1.62–3.07)*** | 3.65 (2.22–6.02)*** | 2.56 (1.95–3.36)*** | |||||
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (model 3) | 2.23 (1.61–3.08)*** | 3.67 (2.20–6.10)*** | 2.56 (1.94–3.37)*** | |||||
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (model 4) | 2.15 (1.55–2.98)*** | 3.62 (2.17–6.05)*** | 2.48 (1.88–3.28)*** |
Model 2: covariates were age, gender, systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive medication, body mass index, smoking category (never, past or current smokers), alcohol intake category (never, past, current <46, current ≥46 g/day), serum total cholesterol and diabetic type.
Model 3: covariates comprised model 2 plus other ECG abnormalities (high R-wave, ventricular premature beats, atrial fibrillation) at study entry.
Model 4: covariates comprised model 3 plus changes in other ECG abnormalities (high R-wave, ventricular premature beats, atrial fibrillation) during follow-up.
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.