. 2017 Jan 30;7:41681. doi: 10.1038/srep41681

Table 1. Details of the included studies in our meta-analysis.

Author	Year	Country	Design	Source of subjects	Number of subjects	Outcome	Odds ratio (95% CI)	Adjustment for covariates	Quality of study
Liu, Miao⁴³	2016	China	cross-sectional	Hospital-based	1839	DN	0.79 (0.67,0.87)	age, education, marital status, current smoking, current drinking, physical activity ≥0.5 h/day, BMI, hypertension, dyslipidemia, treatment and control status of diabetes	10
						DR	0.30 (0.22,0.40)	age, education, marital status, current smoking, current drinking, physical activity ≥0.5 h/day, BMI, hypertension, dyslipidemia, treatment and control status of diabetes
						DAS	0.51 (0.41,0.57)	age, education, marital status, current smoking, current drinking, physical activity ≥0.5 h/day, BMI, hypertension, dyslipidemia, treatment and control status of diabetes
						DCH	0.59 (0.43,0.76)	age, education, marital status, current smoking, current drinking, physical activity ≥0.5 h/day, BMI, hypertension, dyslipidemia, treatment and control status of diabetes
						DIS	0.82 (0.76,0.87)	age, education, marital status, current smoking, current drinking, physical activity ≥0.5 h/day, BMI, hypertension, dyslipidemia, treatment and control status of diabetes
Wang, Jing¹⁹	2016	China	cohort	Population-based	2958	DN	0.74 (0.56,0.98)	age, gender, central obesity, education, smoking status, drinking status, physical activity, SBP, TG, HDL-C, use of medications (hypotensor, lipid-lowering), liver function (ALP, AST and ALT), FBG, use of antidiabetic, duration of diabetes, use of aspirin	11
Ryuichi, Kawamoto⁴²	2016	Japan	cross-sectional	Hospital-based	374	DCA	0.46 (0.23,0.93)	age, gender, BMI, smking status, SBP, DBP, Antihepertensive medication, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, Antidyslipidemic medication, FBG, insulin therapy, eGFR, Uric acid, AST, GGT	9
Jiang, Pijun²⁴	2016	China	case-control	Hospital-based	561	DN	0.91 (0.83,1.00)	not list specifically	7
Jaechan, Leem³⁸	2015	Korea	cross-sectional	Hospital-based	460	DOCAD	0.86 (0.81,0.92)	age, gender, BMI, duration of diabetes, hypertension, SBP, DBP, current smoking, HbA1C, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, DR, DN, eGFR, current use of insulin and a statin, AST, ALT and alcohol intake	11
Zhang, Dan¹⁸	2015	China	case-control	Hospital-based	553	DR	0.91 (0.88,094)	age, gender, duration of diabetes, BMI, HbA1C, LDL-C, TG, SUA and SBP	8
Chen, Fang²⁶	2015	China	case-control	Hospital-based	237	DR	0.85 (0.78,0.94)	age, duration of diabetes, FBG, Arteriosclerosis, SBP, UAER	8
Wei, Wei²⁷	2015	China	case-control	Hospital-based	100	DR	0.84 (0.72,0.99)	not list specifically	7
Risa, Sekioka²⁰	2015	Japan	cross-sectional	Hospital-based	674	DR	0.92 (0.89,0.96)	not list specifically	8
Eun Sook, Kim³⁹	2015	Korea	cross-sectional	Hospital-based	1207	DPN	0.63 (0.40,0.99)	age, gender, BMI, duration of diabetes, drinking and smoking status, history of cardiovascular disease, HbA1c, SBP, ALT, hyperlipidemia, eGFR, use of insulin and antihypertensive agents, autonomic neuropathy, DR, and albuminuria	11
Hamamoto S²⁵	2015	Japan	cross-sectional	Hospital-based	523	DR	0.92 (0.87,0.97)	age, gender, smoking status	10
						DN	0.87 (0.82,0.93)	age, gender, smoking status
Apoorva, Dave²⁸	2015	India	case-control	Hospital-based	80	DR	0.84 (0.71,0.99)	not list specifically	7
Wang, Ru⁴⁰	2015	China	cross-sectional	Hospital-based	5961	DR	0.48 (0.34,0.68)	age, gender, BMI, duration of diabetes, drinking and smoking status, HbA1C, FBG, ALT, AST, TC, TG and drug treatment	11
						DN	0.38 (0.31,0.46)	age, gender, BMI, duration of diabetes, drinking and smoking status, HbA1C, FBG, ALT, AST, TC, TG and drug treatment
						DPN	0.62 (0.53,0.73)	age, gender, BMI, duration of diabetes, drinking and smoking status, HbA1C, FBG, ALT, AST, TC, TG and drug treatment
Cai, Junwei²⁹	2015	China	case-control	Hospital-based	102	DN	0.82 (0.69,0.99)	age, BMI, duration of diabetes, SBP, DBP, ALT, FBG, HbA1C, FIN, TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C	7
Syeda Sadia NAJAM³⁰	2014	China	cross-sectional	Population-based	1761	DR	0.55 (0.33,0.91)	age, gender, current smoking, drinking status, postprandial plasma glucose, HbA1c, DBP, TC, TG, LDL-C and GGT	11
Kiwako Toya²³	2014	Japan	cohort	Hospital-based	1418	DN (microalbuminuria)	0.96 (0.91,1.02)	age, gender, use of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system	11
Kiwako Toya²³	2014	Japan	cohort	Hospital-based	1418	DN (microalbuminuria)	0.86 (0.77,0.95)	age, gender, use of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system	11
Tsuyoshi Mashitani³¹	2014	Japan	cohort	Hospital-based	957	DN	0.41 (0.16,1.04)	age, gender, BMI, duration of diabetes, follow-up time, SBP, drinking and smoking status, HbA1c, UACR, and use of RAS inhibitors and statins and hemoglobin levels.	11
Eun Sook Kim²¹	2014	Korea	cross-sectional	Hospital-based	1711	DAS	Male:1.35 (0.59,3.07)	age, BMI, duration of diabetes, drinking and smoking status, history of CVD, HbA1c, SBP, DBP, ALT, TC, TG, HDL-C, eGFR, use of insulin, ACEi/ARB, statin, retinopathy and albumin-to-creatinine ratio.	11
Eun Sook Kim²¹	2014	Korea	cross-sectional	Hospital-based	1711	DAS	Female:0.32 (0.16,0.65)	age, BMI, duration of diabetes, drinking and smoking status, history of CVD, HbA1c, SBP, DBP, ALT, TC, TG, HDL-C, eGFR, use of insulin, ACEi/ARB, statin, retinopathy and albumin-to-creatinine ratio.	11
J. O. Chung³⁷	2013	Korea	cross-sectional	Hospital-based	2291	DCAN	0.36 (0.21,0.63)	age, gender, BMI, smoking habits, AST, ALT, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, HbA1c, diabetes duration, retinopathy and nephropathy	11
K. H. Chan⁷	2013	Australia	cohort	Hospital-based	9795	DA	0.50 (0.27,0.95)	age, height, smoking status, GGT, HbA1c, and history of previous PAD, non-PAD CVD, amputation or diabetic skin ulcer, neuropathy, nephropathy and diabetic retinopathy, as well as trial treatment allocation	11
Luo, Yajing³²	2013	China	cross-sectional	Hospital-based	246	DN	091 (0.83,0.99)	duration of diabetes, SBP, HbA1C, FBG, 2hPG, TC, TG	11
Lai, Jie³³	2013	China	cross-sectional	Hospital-based	435	DN	0.78 (0.74,0.83)	duration of diabetes, SBP, FBG, SUA, Lp (a), hs-CRP, LDL-C, HbA1C	11
Seong-Woo Choi⁴¹	2012	Korea	cross-sectional	Population-based	690	HbA1c ≥6.5%	0.40 (0.20,0.80)	age, gender, abdominal circumstance, smoking, diabetic duration, hypertension, CCVD history, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, fasting glucose, eGFR, AST, ALT and GGT.	11
Miho Yasuda³⁶	2011	Japan	cohort	Population-based	1672	DR*	0.25 (0.09,0.72)	age, gender, 2hPG, SBP, TC, HDL-C, GGT, history of cardiovascular disease, smoking habits, and alcohol intake.	11
Miho Yasuda³⁶	2011	Japan	cohort	Population-based	1672	DR	0.39 (0.12,1.30)	age, gender, 2hPG, SBP, TC, HDL-C, GGT, history of cardiovascular disease, smoking habits and alcohol intake.	11
Su, Zhiyan³⁵	2010	China	cross-sectional	Hospital-based	664	DR	0.91 (0.88,0.94)	age, gender, duration of diabetes, BMI, WHR, HbA1C, LDL-C, TG, UA, SBP	11
Jia, Yumei³⁴	2010	China	cross-sectional	Hospital-based	1062	DR	0.91 (0.87,0.96)	age, gender, duration of diabetes, TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C	11
Seung Seok Han²²	2010	Korea	cross-sectional	Population-based	93909	DN	Male:0.88 (0.64,1.19)	age, BMI, hypertension, TC, TG, HDL- C, and hepatic markers including AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase, and GGT	11
Seung Seok Han²²	2010	Korea	cross-sectional	Population-based	93909	DN	Female:0.68 (0.43,1.08)	age, BMI, hypertension, TC, TG, HDL- C, and hepatic markers including AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase, and GGT	11

Note: HbA1C: hemoglobin A1c; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, LDL-C: low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; SUA: serum uric acid; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; GGT: γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; 2hPG: 2-hour post-load plasma glucose; *DR in high blood sugar condition.