Table 2. The basic characteristics of the subjects in the included studies.
| Study | Male (%) | Age (Year) | BMI (kg/m2) | Duration of diabetes (Year) | Smokers (%) | Alcohol drinkers (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liu, Miao (2016) | 100 | 87.40 | 24.7 | n/r | 2.60 | 7.80 |
| Wang, Jing (2016) | 45.54 | 64.07 | n/r | n/r | 28.74 | 26.17 |
| Ryuichi, Kawamoto (2016) | 45.20 | 80.00 | 21.40 | n/r | 24.60 | n/r |
| Jiang, Pijun (2016) | 50.27 | 60.97 | 23.56 | n/r | n/r | n/r |
| Jaechan, Leem (2015) | 62.17 | 63.00 | 25.07 | 13.34 | 23.04 | n/r |
| Zhang, Dan (2015) | 49.01 | 59.00 | 24.81 | 10.80 | n/r | n/r |
| Chen, Fang (2015) | 56.54 | 58.71 | 24.89 | 9.58 | 35.44 | n/r |
| Wei, Wei (2015) | n/r | 59.93 | n/r | 7.93 | 0.00 | n/r |
| Risa, Sekioka (2015) | 66.17 | 64.70 | 25.50 | 13.90 | 48.07 | n/r |
| Eun Sook, Kim (2015) | 47.80 | 55.83 | 25.00 | 6.93 | 21.13 | 38.44 |
| Hamamoto S (2015) | 59.66 | 60.50 | 24.70 | 12.20 | n/r | n/r |
| Apoorva, Dave (2015) | n/r | 53.93 | n/r | 7.94 | n/r | n/r |
| Wang, Ru (2015) | 60.14 | 54.13 | 26.60 | 9.92 | 28.38 | 27.38 |
| Cai, Junwei(2015) | 47.06 | 67.22 | 25.41 | 12.48 | n/r | n/r |
| Syeda Sadia NAJAM(2014) | 42.87 | 61.17 | 26.23 | n/r | 20.22 | 10.34 |
| Kiwako Toya(2014) | 58.18 | 59.00 | 23.70 | 14.00 | n/r | n/r |
| Kiwako Toya (2014) | 60.16 | 61.00 | 25.00 | 15.00 | n/r | n/r |
| Tsuyoshi Mashitani (2014) | 63.01 | 67.10 | 24.80 | 14.10 | 20.38 | n/r |
| Eun Sook Kim (2014)-Male | n/r | 55.20 | 24.60 | 7.00 | 38.04 | 56.63 |
| Eun Sook Kim (2014)-Female | n/r | 58.80 | 25.10 | 8.10 | 5.09 | 17.59 |
| J. O. Chung (2013) | 64.99 | 59.01 | 24.38 | 9.24 | 17.55 | 32.52 |
| K. H. Chan (2013) | 61.72 | 62.00 | n/r | n/r | 9.41 | n/r |
| Luo, Yajing (2013) | 47.97 | 62.05 | 26.60 | 10.76 | 28.86 | n/r |
| Lai, Jie (2013) | 54.02 | 63.10 | 25.29 | 15.19 | n/r | n/r |
| Seong-Woo Choi(2012) | 32.61 | 68.20 | 24.50 | 8.90 | 15.36 | n/r |
| Miho Yasuda (2011)* | 53.35 | 64.17 | 23.93 | 6.14 | 20.87 | 51.85 |
| Miho Yasuda (2011) | n/r | n/r | n/r | n/r | n/r | n/r |
| Su, Zhiyan (2010) | 49.25 | 59.70 | 24.90 | 9.17 | 32.83 | n/r |
| Jia, Yumei (2010) | 53.77 | 58.16 | n/r | 7.33 | n/r | n/r |
| Seung Seok Han (2010)-Male | n/r | n/r | n/r | n/r | n/r | n/r |
| Seung Seok Han (2010)-Female | n/r | n/r | n/r | n/r | n/r | n/r |
*DR in high blood sugar condition; n/r: not reported.