Table 4. The pooled ORs on the association between bilirubin concentration and the risk of diabetic complications.
| No. of study data | Model for meta-analysis | OR (95%CI) | I2 (%) | P for heterogeneity | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 38 | R | 0.77 (0.73, 0.81) | 87.7 | <0.001 |
| Subgroup Analysis | |||||
| Country | |||||
| China | 19 | R | 0.73 (0.68, 0.79) | 92.4 | <0.001 |
| Korea | 8 | R | 0.65 (0.49, 0.84) | 72.0 | 0.001 |
| Japan | 9 | R | 0.90 (0.85, 0.95) | 62.1 | 0.007 |
| Else | 2 | R | 0.71 (0.44, 1.14) | 59.1 | 0.118 |
| Number | |||||
| <2000 | 30 | R | 0.82 (0.79, 0.86) | 84.4 | <0.001 |
| ≥2000 | 8 | R | 0.57 (0.45, 0.71) | 78.4 | <0.001 |
| Design | |||||
| Case-control | 5 | F | 0.90 (0.87, 0.93) | 0.0 | 0.453 |
| Cross-sectional | 26 | R | 0.73 (0.68, 0.78) | 90.7 | <0.001 |
| Cohort | 7 | R | 0.78 (0.65, 0.93) | 70.8 | 0.002 |
| Source of subjects | |||||
| Hospital-based | 31 | R | 0.78 (0.74, 0.82) | 89.4 | <0.001 |
| Population-based | 7 | F | 0.63 (0.49, 0.81) | 41.7 | 0.113 |
| FBG | |||||
| <9.00 | 13 | R | 0.53 (0.43, 0.64) | 90.5 | <0.001 |
| ≥9.00 | 6 | R | 0.86 (0.81, 0.92) | 74.3 | 0.002 |
| HbA1C | |||||
| <9.00 | 16 | R | 0.70 (0.63, 0.79) | 90.6 | <0.001 |
| ≥9.00 | 7 | F | 0.91 (0.89, 0.93) | 0.0 | 0.622 |
| NOS | |||||
| Moderate quality | 8 | F | 0.90 (0.87, 0.93) | 21.8 | 0.257 |
| High quality | 30 | R | 0.72 (0.67, 0.77) | 89.7 | <0.001 |
R, random-effects model, F: fix-effects model.