Table S1.

Characteristics of deaf participants

Subject	Age, y	Sex	Cause of deafness	Hearing loss, left ear/right ear/mean	Hearing aid use	How well the subject understands speech with hearing aid	Native language, oral/sign	Languages primarily used at the moment of the experiment
MN	34	M	Maternal disease/ drug side effects	120/120/120 dB	Uses currently	Moderately	Oral	Sign and oral
DK	20	F	Hereditary deafness	113/115/114 dB	Used in the past	Poorly	Oral	Sign and oral
KN	33	F	Maternal disease/ drug side effects	102/120/111 dB	Uses currently	Moderately	Oral	Sign and oral
MGA	37	F	Maternal disease/ drug side effects	110/110/110 dB	Used in the past	Poorly	Oral	Sign
MW	29	F	Maternal disease/ drug side effects	100/120/110 dB	Uses currently	Well	Oral	Sign and oral
DO	31	M	Hereditary deafness	103/103/103 dB	Uses currently	Moderately	Oral	Sign and oral
AP	42	F	Hereditary deafness	103/101/102 dB	Never used		Sign	Sign
MM	27	M	Hereditary deafness	94/107/101 dB	Used in the past	Poorly	Sign	Sign
JK	19	M	Hereditary deafness	90/110/100 dB	Uses currently	Well	Sign	Sign and oral
AS	19	F	Hereditary deafness	94/103/99 dB	Uses currently	Very well	Sign	Sign and oral
ML	23	M	Hereditary deafness	95/100/98 dB	Uses currently	Moderately	Sign	Sign and oral
MG	36	F	Hereditary deafness	95/95/95 dB	Uses currently	Poorly	Sign	Sign
OS	30	F	Hereditary deafness	90/90/90 dB	Used in the past	Poorly	Sign	Sign and oral
KM	29	F	Hereditary deafness	78/92/85 dB	Uses currently	Poorly	Sign	Sign and oral
KS	26	F	Hereditary deafness	70/60/65 dB	Uses currently	Well	Sign	Sign

Information was reported by participants on the day of the experiment. Hearing loss was determined using a standard pure-tone audiometry.