Table 1.
Characteristics of the Study Sample (N=473)
| Age 6 Assessment | Age 9 Assessment | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child mean age: years (SD) | 6.10 | (.43) | 9.21 | (.38) | |
| Child sex: female n (%) | 215 | (45.5) | |||
| Child race: n (%) | |||||
| White | 419 | (88.6) | |||
| Black/African-American | 40 | (8.5) | |||
| Asian | 13 | (2.7) | |||
| Other | 1 | (.2) | |||
| Child Hispanic ethnicity: n (%) | 60 | (12.7) | |||
| Biological parents’ marital status: n (%) | |||||
| Married | 405 | (85.6) | |||
| Divorced, separated, or widowed | 35 | (7.4) | |||
| Never married | 33 | (7.0) | |||
| Parents’ education: graduated college n (%) | |||||
| Mother | 259 | (55.7) | |||
| Father | 205 | (45.4) | |||
| Child psychopathology n (%) | |||||
| Current DMDD | 36 | (7.6) | 6 | (1.3) | |
| Current Depressive Disorder | 22 | (4.7) | 4 | (.9) | |
| Lifetime Depressive Disorder | 10 | (2.1) | |||
| Current Anxiety Disorder | 70 | (14.8) | 91 | (19.4) | |
| Lifetime Anxiety Disorder | 109 | (23.4) | |||
| Current ADHD | 30 | (6.3) | 64 | (13.6) | |
| Lifetime ADHD | 64 | (13.6) | |||
| Current ODD | 40 | (8.5) | 13 | (2.8) | |
| Lifetime ODD | 16 | (3.4) | |||
| Current DBD | 20 | (4.3) | |||
| Lifetime DBD | 23 | (4.9) | |||
|
Mean child symptom scales at age 9 (SD; range) |
|||||
| Maternal-reported CDI | 7.28 | (4.92) | 0–29 | ||
| Paternal-reported CDI | 7.27 | (4.36) | 0–23 | ||
| Child-reported CDI | 4.89 | (4.20) | 0–22 | ||
| Maternal-reported SCARED | 7.93 | (7.96) | 0–55 | ||
| Paternal-reported SCARED | 6.62 | (6.42) | 0–36 | ||
| Child-reported SCARED | 19.68 | (11.17) | 1–61 | ||
| Child functioning and social behavior at age 9 | |||||
| Child mean CGAS (SD; range) | 78.61 | (11.07) | 45–99 | ||
| Peer relationships at school (SD; range) | 1.60 | (.71) | 1–4 | ||
| Peer victimization (SD; range) | 1.33 | (.59) | 1–4 | ||
| Overt aggression-Teacher (SD; range) | 4.32 | (1.27) | 4–17 | ||
| Relational aggression-Teacher (SD; range) | 7.27 | (3.31) | 5–22 | ||
| Peer exclusion-Teacher (SD; range) | .82 | (2.23) | 0–14 | ||
| Educational support services, n (%) | 100 | (21.3) | |||
| Outpatient treatment services, n (%) | 89 | (18.9) | |||
| Psychotropic medication use, n (%) | 36 | (7.7) | |||
Note. SD=standard deviation; DMDD=disruptive mood dysregulation disorder; ADHD=attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ODD=oppositional defiant disorder; DBD=disruptive behavior disorder; CDI=Child Depression Inventory; SCARED=Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders; CGAS=Children’s Global Assessment Scale.