Fig. 4.

Schematic illustration of typical D male behavior in the presence of an intermediate ND male attempting to ascend to dominance. Large rectangles represent the D male has entered his shelter and cannot be seen by the ND males. Thin black bars show when an individual chases or attacks another fish. Note that intermediate ND males only attack other animals when the D male is in his shelter and cannot see them. From data presented in Desjardins et al. (2012).