Table 2. Effects of shear stresses on various cells.

Shear	Cell	Effect	Ref.
1.3…75.3 mPa	ENaC overexpressing Oocytes	Activated Epithelial Na+ Channels (ENaC)	[35]
20…400 mPa	Vascular endothelial cells	Modulated cytosolic-free calcium	[36]
20…17000 mPa	Endothelial cell	Activated K+ current	[37]
60…1500 mPa	Aortic endothelial cells	Modulated expression of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase	[38]
100…1500 mPa	Aortic endothelial cells	Increases in pinocytotic rate	[39]
120…1500 mPa	Endothelial cell	Induction of ecNOS mRNA in a dose-dependent manner	[40]
150…1000 mPa	Embryonic stem cells	Increased the expression of vascular endothelial cell-specific markers at the protein level and the mRNA level	[41]
160, 410, 820 mPa and 1.64 Pa	Chondrocytes	Upregulated nitric oxide, membrane phosphatidylserine and nucleosomal degradation	[42]
200 mPa	Arterial vascular endothelial cells	Induction of endothelial stress fibers	[43]
350…11700 mPa	Endothelial cells	Stimulated mitogen-activated protein kinase	[44]
500…1000 mPa	Aortic endothelial cells	Changes in cell morphology	[45]
500…2500 Pa	Aortic smooth muscle cells	Reduced proliferation rate	[46]
600…2500 mPa	Endothelial cells	Induced nitric oxide production	[47]
600…2600 mPa	Endothelial cells	Reorganization of the cytoskeleton	[48]
800…1500 mPa	Vascular endothelial cell	Cell alignment in the direction of flow without initiating the cell cycle	[49]
1 Pa	Osteoblasts	Induced β-catenin signaling	[50]
1…2 Pa	Smooth muscle cell	Inhibited migration	[51]
1, 2 Pa	Osteoblastic cells	Produced higher magnitude and more abundant [Ca2+]i-oscillations than spontaneously	[52]
1, 3, 8.5 Pa	Endothelial cells	Shape change and cytoskeleton reorganization	[53]
1…8.5 Pa	Vascular endothelial cells	Orientation with the flow direction	[54]
1.2 Pa	Endothelial cells	Reorganization of the surface topography	[55, 56]
1.2 Pa	Vascular endothelial cells	Enhanced activation of transcription factors	[57]
1.5 Pa	Venous endothelial cells	Stimulated phosphorylation of Akt	[58]
1.52 Pa	Endothelial cells	Reorganization of the cytoskeleton	[59]
1.6 Pa	Chondrocytes	Down-regulation of the aggrecan gene expression	[60]
1.6 Pa	Chondrocytes	Stimulated glycosaminoglycan synthesis	[61]
1.64 Pa	Chondrocytes	Upregulated NO synthase gene expression and increased NO release; inhibited type II collagen and aggrecan mRNA levels	[62]
1.7…2.0 Pa	Osteoblast-like SaOS-2 cells	Increased TGF-β1 mRNA expression	[63]
2 Pa	Endothelial cells	Shape change and cytoskeletal remodeling	[64]
2 Pa	Osteoblast	Increased proliferation	[65]
3.5 Pa	Chondrocytes	Promoted chondrocyte proliferation	[66]