. 2017 Jan 16;14:201–215. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.01.014

Table 1.

Summary of sample characteristics and main findings for studies examining AB and white-matter tract abnormalities in adults measured by DTI.

Study	N	Type	% ♀	Exclusion criteria or covariates	Behavioral measures: dimensional or categorical analysis	Method	Key findings
Beyer et al., 2014	93	1	0	Exclusions: other psychiatric or neurologic disorder, Covariates:	AB: Buss Perry Aggression (S) & Taylor Aggression Paradigm (O)	ROI-A: (DT)	Dimensional: no significant associations Categorical: AB + vs. HC: no significant differences
Craig et al., 2009	18	1 & 4	0	Exclusions: other psychiatric or neurologic disorder, psychotropic medication Covariates: IQ & age-matched HC	AB: male offenders from specialist forensic inpatient units Psychopathic traits: PCL-R (I)	ROI-M (DT)	Categorical: AB + P + vs. HC: ↓ FA right UF. No significant differences in left UF, ILF, or IFOF. AB + P + vs. SA +: ↓ FA bilateral UF
Hoppenbrouwers et al., 2013	22	1 & 4	0	Exclusions: other psychiatric or substance use disorders, head trauma, seizures Covariates: age-matched male HC	AB: male offenders convicted for assault, homicide, human trafficking, & kidnap Psychopathic traits: PCL-R (I)	Whole-brain (TBSS)	Dimensional: interpersonal-affective: ↓ FA left UF, IFOF, & ATR; Lifestyle-antisocial: ↓ FA right ATR, UF, & IFOF Categorical: AB + P + vs. HC: ↓ FA bilateral UF, IFOF, ATR, anterior CG
Karlsgodt et al., 2015	45	1	46	Exclusions: Axis I disorder Covariates: age & gender	AB: Buss Perry Aggression (S)	Whole-brain (TBSS)	Dimensional: aggressive acts: ↓ FA right SLF; ↑ RD right SLF
Lindner et al., 2016	67	1 & 3	100	Exclusions: bipolar disorder, psychosis, neurologic disorder Covariates: Axis I disorders, physical & sexual abuse	AB: SCID-I	Whole-brain (TBSS)	Categorical: AB + vs. HC: ↓ AD bilateral corpus callosum, CG, Fmin, and IFOF, and left CR (controlling for depression, anxiety, substance dependence and experience of abuse) AB + vs. clinical comparison: ↓ FA bilateral corpus callosum, forceps minor
Motzkin et al., 2011	27	4	0	Exclusions: age > 45, IQ < 70, history of psychosis & psychotropic medication Covariates:	AB: Adult male inmates at a medium-security correctional facility Psychopathic traits: PCL-R (I)	ROI-A (VBA & DT)	Categorical: AB + P + vs. AB + P −: ↓ FA right UF (relative to overall reduction in whole brain FA). No significant differences in SLF, ILF, IFOF
Sethi et al., 2015	26	3	0	Exclusions: other psychiatric or substance use disorders, head trauma, reading age < 10 Covariates: alcohol & cocaine dependency	AB: Offenders incarcerated for violent crime Psychopathic traits: PCL-R (I)	ROI-M (DT)	Dimensional: interpersonal-affective: ↓ FA left & right dorsal CG Categorical: AB + P + vs. HC: ↓ FA left dorsal CG
Sobhani et al., 2015	24	1 & 2	0	Exclusions: other psychiatric or neurologic disorder Covariates: IQ, age	Psychopathic traits: Concurrent (age 24): Psychopathic Personality Index (PPI). Prior (age 14–15): CPS, APSD, PCL:YV to form composite score	ROI-M (DT)	Dimensional: current PPI score psychopathy scores and prior psychopathy composite score: ↓ FA right UF
Sundram et al., 2012	30	1 & 4	0	Exclusions: other psychiatric, neurologic or substance use disorder Covariates: age & IQ-matched HC	AB: ICD-10 ASPD diagnosis (I) Psychopathic traits: PCL-R (I & case notes)	Whole-brain (VBA)	Dimensional: Total PCL-R & Lifestyle-Antisocial factor: ↓ FA in frontal lobe. Lifestyle-Antisocial factor: ↑ MD in frontal lobe. Categorical: AB + P + vs. HC: ↓ FA bilateral CC, IC, IFOF, right ACR, right UF, left ILF, & left PTR. ↑ MD right IFOF, UF, CC, & ACR
Wolf et al., 2015	147	1 & 4	0	Exclusions: IQ < 70; psychotropic medication; psychiatric disorder; head trauma Covariates: age, race, substance use disorder	AB: Adult male inmates at a medium-security correctional facility Psychopathic traits: PCL-R (I)	ROI-A (TBSS)	Dimensional: total psychopathy scores: ↓ FA right UF (no association with left UF & unrelated to comparison tracts, CG, IC, TR, & CC & whole-brain FA). Interpersonal-affective factor: ↓ FA right UF (controlling for Factor 2). Interpersonal Facet: ↓ FA right UF

Note that we report findings from the most stringent analyses carried out by included studies, including models controlling for multiple comparisons or overlap of outcome variables.

Type of sample: 1 = community; 2 = high-risk; 3 = clinic; 4 = forensic.

DTI acronyms: ACR = anterior corona radiata; AD = axial diffusivity; ATR = anterior thalamic radiation; CC = corpus callosum; CG = cingulum/cingulate gyrus; CT = corticospinal tract; Fmaj = forceps major; Fmin = forceps minor; FA = fractional anisotropy; IC = internal capsule; IFOF = inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus; ILF = inferior longitudinal fasciculus; PTR = posterior thalamic radiation; RD = radial diffusivity; SCR = superior corona radiata; SLF = superior longitudinal fasciculus; UF = uncinate fasciculus;

Behavior acronyms: AB = antisocial behavior; CU = callous-unemotional; P = psychopathy; S = self-reported; P = parent-reported; I = structured interview; O = observed.

Behavior groupings: AB + P + = high on AB and psychopathy; AB + P − = high on AB and low on psychopathy; AB + CU + = high on AB and callous-unemotional traits; HC = healthy controls.

DTI method acronyms: DT = deterministic tractography; ROI-A = region of interest automatic generation; ROI-M = region of interest, manually drawn; TBSS = tract-based spatial statistics; VBA = voxel based analyses.