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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Apr 13.
Published in final edited form as: J Perinatol. 2016 Oct 13:10.1038/jp.2016.175. doi: 10.1038/jp.2016.175

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics

≤8 visits (n=83) ≥ 15 visits (n=96) p-value

Maternal age (years) 29.50 (SD 5.99) 28.65 (SD 5.67) 0.33

Advanced Maternal Age 17 (20.48) 15 (15.63) 0.40

Race 0.37
-African American 61 (73.49) 57 (59.38)
-Caucasian 16 (19.28) 30 (31.25)
-Latino/Hispanic 4 (4.82) 7 (7.29)
-Asian 1 (1.20) 1 (1.04)
-Other 1 (1.20) 1 (1.04)

African American race 61 (74.39) 57 (60.00) 0.04

Medicaid insurance 77 (92.77) 88 (91.67) 0.78

Education: less than high
school diploma
24 (28.92) 22 (22.92) 0.36

Tobacco use 22 (26.51) 19 (20.00) 0.30

Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) 34.35±12.68 33.90±11.57 0.81

Gravidity 3 (2–5) 2 (2–4) 0.02

Nulliparity 12 (14.46) 22 (22.92) 0.15

Type of Diabetes 0.10
-A1GDM 4 (4.82) 4 (4.17)
-A2GDM 16 (19.28) 20 (20.83)
-Type 2 DM 63 (75.90) 72 (75.00)

Insulin during pregnancy 63 (75.90) 77 (80.21) 0.49

Prior cesarean 31 (37.35) 32 (33.33) 0.58

GA at study enrollment
(wks)
20.78±8.57
20 (13–29)
15.09±8.85
11.5 (8–23)
< 0.01

Dating Ultrasound Time <0.01
-1st Trimester 37 (45.12) 72 (75.00)
-2nd Trimester 34 (41.46) 24 (25.00)
-3rd Trimester 11 (13.41) 0

Number of Prenatal Visits 6 (5–7) 17 (15–19) <0.01

GA at Delivery (weeks) 36.37±2.99
37 (35–38)
37.55±1.77
38 (37–39)
<0.01

GA, gestational age; BMI, body mass index

Data are in the form of n (%), mean±standard deviation, or median (interquartile range).