Table 2.

Measures of glycemic control and maternal and neonatal outcomes

	≤ 8 visits n=83	≥15 n=96	Unadjusted RR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR* (95% CI)
Primary Outcomes
LGA (Birthweight>90%)	15 (18.07)	27 (28.13)	1.77 (0.87–3.62)	1.69 (0.81–3.54)
NICU admission	15 (18.07)	4 (4.17)	0.23 (0.08–0.67)	0.15 (0.04–0.53)
Fetal Secondary Outcomes
Severe LGA (Birthweight>95%)	9 (10.84)	20 (20.83)	2.16 (0.93–5.06)	1.69 (0.81–3.54)
SGA (Birthweight<10%)	6 (7.23)	8 (8.33)	0.99 (0.37–2.61)	0.93 (0.32–2.76)
Shoulder dystocia	4 (4.82)	4 (4.21)	1.10 (0.28–4.23)	1.64 (0.37–7.21)
Hyperbilirubinemia requiring Phototherapy	28 (34.15)	26 (27.66)	0.74 (0.39–1.40)	0.74 (0.38–1.42)
Neonatal Hypoglycemia	5 (6.02)	4 (4.17)	0.70 (0.19–2.49)	0.74 (0.19–2.92)
5 minute APGAR<7	9 (10.84)	3 (3.13)	0.29 (0.08–1.03)	0.19 (0.04–0.91)
pH<7.10	11 (13.25)	12 (12.50)	1.01 (0.90–1.13)	1.31 (0.53–3.29)
PTB < 37 weeks	34 (40.96)	21 (21.88)	0.53 (0.34–0.84)	0.41 (0.21–0.80)
Maternal Secondary Outcomes
Mean 3rd trimester fasting BG (mg/dL)	94.63 ± 30.21	90.2 ± 14.77	- -	- -
Mean Hgb A1c in labor‡	6.89±1.34	6.44±0.78	--	--
Hgb A1c > 7.0% at delivery	36 (43.37)	27 (28.13)	0.65 (0.43–0.97)	0.62 (0.32–1.18)
Preeclampsia	29 (34.94)	26 (27.08)	0.78 (0.50–1.20)	0.67 (0.35–1.29)
Gestational weight gain over IOM	42 (50.60)	60 (62.50)	1.24 (0.95–1.61)	1.44 (0.78–2.67)
Vaginal Delivery	34 (40.96)	38 (39.58)	0.97 (0.68–1.38)	1.13 (0.61–2.10)
Operative Vaginal Delivery	3 (8.82)	2 (5.26)	0.60 (0.11–3.36)	0.31 (0.03–2.97)
Cesarean	49 (59.04)	58 (60.42)	1.02 (0.80–1.30)	0.89 (0.48–1.65)
Maternal Readmission within 30 days	7 (8.43)	3 (3.13)	0.37 (0.10–1.39)	0.39 (0.09–1.57)

Data are in the form of n (%) or mean±standard deviation

^*Adjusted for African American race, nulliparity, and obesity

^‡Denotes p<0.05