Table 4. Direct, indirect and total effects on behavioral functioning from full structural equation models (SEMs) for perinatally HIV-infected (PHIV) and perinatally HIV-exposed uninfected (PHEU) youth in PHACS AMP study.

Model	Latent predictor	Behavioral functioning coefficient (SE), Z, p-value
		Direct	Indirect	Total
SEM Models in PHIV+ youth, N = 231
Model A. Child-assessed behavioral functioning	Late presenter	0.11 (0.099), Z = 1.07, 0.28	0.04 (0.027), Z = 1.44, 0.15	0.15 (0.095), Z = 1.51, 0.13
	Better past HIV health	0.16 (0.122), Z = 1.34, 0.18	−0.08 (0.050), Z = −1.59, 0.11	0.08 (0.105), Z = 0.79, 0.43
	HIV control	0.04 (0.112), Z = 0.38, 0.70	−0.01 (0.021), Z = −0.51, 0.61	0.03 (0.111), Z = 0.29, 0.77
	Home environment	−0.12 (0.116), Z = −1.01, 0.31	−0.01 (0.020), Z = −0.48, 0.63	−0.13 (0.115), Z = −1.10, 0.27
	Caregiver-child stress	0.51 (0.147), Z = 3.45, 0.001	−0.04 (0.039), Z = −1.02, 0.31	0.47 (0.139), Z = 3.29, 0.001
	Caregiver resources	0.02 (0.084), Z = 0.25, 0.80	−0.07 (0.038), Z = −1.75, 0.08	−0.05 (0.076), Z = −0.60, 0.55
Model B. Caregiver-assessed behavioral functioning	Late presenter	0.03 (0.103), Z = 0.27, 0.78	0.06 (0.033), Z = 1.68, 0.09	0.08 (0.098), Z = 0.86, 0.39
	Better past HIV health	0.24 (0.125), Z = 1.92, 0.06	−0.12 (0.056), Z = −2.05, 0.04	0.12 (0.107), Z = 1.16, 0.25
	HIV control	0.04 (0.114), Z = 0.39, 0.70	−0.01 (0.029), Z = −0.49, 0.62	0.03 (0.113), Z = 0.26, 0.79
	Home environment	−0.20 (0.123), Z = −1.63, 0.10	−0.02 (0.029), Z = −0.56, 0.58	−0.22 (0.122), Z = −1.78, 0.08
	Caregiver-child stress	0.50 (0.153), Z = 3.25, 0.001	−0.05 (0.049), Z = −1.09, 0.28	0.44 (0.146), Z = 3.03, 0.002
	Caregiver resources	0.15 (0.090), Z = 1.69, 0.09	−0.10 (0.043), Z = −2.28, 0.02	0.05 (0.080), Z = 0.67, 0.50
SEM models in PHEU youth, N = 151
Model C. Child-assessed behavioral functioning	Caregiver relationship	0.11 (0.133), Z = 0.80, 0.42	−0.04 (0.044), Z = −0.96, 0.34	0.06 (0.120), Z = 0.54, 0.59
	Caregiver resources	−0.01 (0.116), Z = −0.05, 0.96	−0.05 (0.048), Z = −1.03, 0.30	−0.05 (0.103), Z = −0.53, 0.60
	Caregiver Stress	0.40 (0.124), Z = 3.21, 0.001	−0.02 (0.027), Z = −0.73, 0.47	0.38 (0.121), Z = 3.13, 0.002
Model D. Caregiver-assessed behavioral functioning	Caregiver relationship	0.21 (0.127), Z = 1.67, 0.10	−0.17 (0.075), Z = −2.24, 0.02	0.04 (0.118), Z = 0.36, 0.72
	Caregiver resources	0.25 (0.114), Z = 2.23, 0.03	−0.20 (0.073), Z = −2.79, 0.005	0.05 (0.101), Z = 0.50, 0.62
	Caregiver Stress	0.58 (0.111), Z = 5.28, < 0.001	−0.07 (0.070), Z = −0.93, 0.35	0.52 (0.111), Z = 4.70, < 0.001