Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the analytical procedures.

ESB was administered to db/db mice and HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Differentially expressed genes in db/db mouse liver and ESB-treated HepG2 cells were queried into cmap to obtain the enrichment scores for 6100 reference chemical drugs archived in the cmap database to measure how closely the up and down tags of the queried gene signatures appeared similarly in the reference drugs. The resultant enrichment scores were compared between db/db mouse liver and ESB-treated HepG2 cells. Differentially expressed genes were also analyzed by functional module-based network analysis. Results of cmap and network analysis from db/db mouse liver and HepG2 cells were compared with those from samples of human diabetes for the evaluation of possible applications of ESB in humans.