Table 2.
Baseline Characteristics of Participants by Categories of White Rice Intake (g/day) in Phase III, Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (2004–2006)
| <250 (n = 876) | 250 (n = 778) | >250 (n = 519) | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median rice intake, g/day | 125 | 250 | 390 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus diagnosed at phase IV, N (%)a | |||||
| No | 843 (96.3) | 753 (96.8) | 496 (95.6) | 0.524 | |
| Yes | 33 (3.7) | 25 (3.2) | 23 (4.4) | ||
| Age Categories, N (%) | |||||
| Below 30 | 198 (22.6) | 203 (26.1) | 197 (38.0) | <0.001 | |
| 30–39 | 208 (23.7) | 211 (27.1) | 136 (26.2) | ||
| 40–49 | 228 (26.0) | 175 (22.5) | 107 (20.6) | ||
| 50–59 | 148 (16.9) | 111 (14.3) | 52 (10.0) | ||
| 60 and above | 94 (10.7) | 78 (10) | 27 (5.2) | ||
| Female, N (%) | 564 (64.4) | 441 (56.7) | 192 (37.0) | <0.001 | |
| Education, N (%) | |||||
| High School or lower | 264 (30.1) | 226 (29.1) | 118 (22.7) | 0.042 | |
| High School Diploma | 393 (44.9) | 349 (44.9) | 250 (48.2) | ||
| Above High School Diploma | 219 (25.0) | 203 (26.1) | 151 (29.1) | ||
| Married, N (%) | 689 (78.7) | 588 (75.6) | 364 (70.1) | 0.002 | |
| Currently working, N (%) | 350 (40.0) | 356 (45.8) | 325 (62.6) | <0.001 | |
| Tobacco, N (%) | |||||
| Never Smoker | 668 (76.3) | 552 (71.0) | 323 (62.2) | <0.001 | |
| Former Smoker | 49 (5.6) | 55 (7.1) | 41 (7.9) | ||
| Current Smoker | 159 (18.2) | 170 (21.9) | 155 (29.9) | ||
| Total Physical Activity, N (%) | |||||
| Light | 322 (36.8) | 317 (40.8) | 227 (43.7) | 0.005 | |
| Moderate | 217 (24.8) | 142 (18.3) | 107 (20.6) | ||
| Vigorous | 337 (38.5) | 319 (41.0) | 185 (35.7) | ||
| Family History of Diabetes, N (%) | 166 (19.0) | 146 (18.8) | 101 (19.5) | 0.951 | |
| Anthropometric Indices | |||||
| Body mass index (BMI) Categories at Baseline, N (%) | |||||
| Underweight (BMI < 18.5) | 9 (1.0) | 11 (1.4) | 3 (0.6) | <0.001 | |
| Normal (20 ≤ BMI < 25) | 225 (25.7) | 218 (28.0) | 171 (33.0) | ||
| Overweight (25 ≤ BMI < 30) | 348 (39.7) | 347 (44.6) | 222 (42.8) | ||
| Obese (BMI ≥ 30) | 294 (33.6) | 202 (26.0) | 123 (23.7) | ||
| Waist circumference, Mean (SD) | |||||
| Men | 95.2 (11.1) | 93.8 (10.8) | 94.1 (10.8) | 0.101 | |
| Women | 86.3 (13.0) | 84.7 (13.3) | 83.7 (14.0) | 0.015 | |
| Food and Nutrient Intake | |||||
| Mean (SD) Carbohydrate Intake, g/day | 290.6 (126.9) | 351.9 (180.8) | 448.8 (252.7) | <0.001 | |
| Mean (SD) Meat Intake, g/day | 57.3 (6.3) | 62.3 (52.5) | 72.5 (63.8) | <0.001 | |
| Mean (SD) Calorie Intake, kCal/day | 2072.7 (822.4) | 2446.1 (1077.9) | 2963.5 (1298.7) | <0.001 | |
aThe numbers of individuals with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus don’t add up to the total number of participants in some of the categories of white rice consumption due to the missing information of diabetes status on some of the individuals in those categories