Table 3.
Odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI)) of type 2 diabetes mellitus according to different categories of white rice intake in Golestan Cohort Study (GCS) and Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS), (2004–2007)
| N. Eligible participants | N. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus | Crude OR (95% CI) | P for trend | Age and sex adjusted OR (95% CI) | P for trend | Fully-adjusted OR (95% CI) | P for trend | Fully-adjusted OR plus Body Mass Index (95% CI) | P for trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GCS* | ||||||||||
| Quartiles of White Rice Intake | ||||||||||
| ≤ 71.1 g/day | 2,267 | 223 | 1 | 0.14 | 1 | 0.02 | 1 | 0.42 | 1 | 0.54 |
| 71.2-120 g/day | 2,679 | 235 | 0.88 (0.72, 1.06) | 0.90 (0.75, 1.10) | 0.89 (0.73, 1.08) | 0.85 (0.69, 1.04) | ||||
| 120.1-210 g/day | 1,990 | 196 | 1.00 (0.82, 1.22) | 1.07 (0.87, 1.32) | 0.94 (0.76, 1.17) | 0.84 (0.68, 1.06) | ||||
| > 210 g/day | 2,393 | 248 | 1.11 (0.92, 1.34) | 1.22 (1.01, 1.48) | 1.05 (0.85, 1.30) | 0.90 (0.73, 1.12) | ||||
| TLGS† | ||||||||||
| Categories of White Rice Intake | ||||||||||
| < 250 g/day | 876 | 33 | 1 | 0.63 | 1 | 0.09 | 1 | 0.05 | 1 | 0.03 |
| 250 g/day | 778 | 25 | 0.84 (0.50, 1.45) | 0.94 (0.55, 1.61) | 1.01 (0.58, 1.75) | 1.08 (0.61, 1.92) | ||||
| > 250 g/day | 519 | 23 | 1.18 (0.68, 2.04) | 1.78 (1.00, 3.17) | 2.08 (1.10, 3.91) | 2.28 (1.19, 4.37) | ||||
* Models were adjusted for age categories (below 45, 45–49, 50–54, 55–59, 60 and above), sex (female, male), race/ethnicity (Turkmen, non-Turkmen), wealth score (low, low-medium, medium or high), education (illiterate, primary school, middle school or higher) marital status (single, married), employment status (employed, unemployed), opium (yes, no), alcohol (yes, no), occupational physical activity (mild, moderate, intense), smoking (never, former, current, ever hookah, nass or pipe user), quartiles of daily meat intake (g/d; ≤45, 45.1-69.8, 69.9-102.8, >102.8) and quartiles of daily calorie intake (kcal/d; ≤1840.8, 1840.9-2189.5, 2189.6-2552.4, >2552.4). † Models were adjusted for age categories (below 30, 30–39, 40–9, 50–59, 60 and above), sex (female, male), family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (yes/no), education (no high school diploma, high school diploma, some university training), marital status (single, married), employment status (employed, unemployed), total physical activity (metabolic equivalent task hours per day categorized as light, moderate, intense), smoking (never, former, current), quartiles of daily meat intake (g/d; ≤32.3, 32.3-50.6, 50.7-76.8, >76.8) and quartiles of daily calorie intake (kcal/d; <1765.1, 1765.1-2237.3, 2237.4-2830.1, >2830.1)