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. 2017 Jan 30;15:6. doi: 10.1186/s12915-016-0341-7

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© The Author(s). 2017

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Biosynthesis of monoamines and phylogeny of adrenergic, tyramine, and octopamine G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) sequences. a Biosynthesis of tyramine, octopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine from tyrosine. The enzymes catalyzing the reaction steps are indicated. b Sequence-similarity-based cluster map of bilaterian octopamine, tyramine, and adrenergic GPCRs. Nodes correspond to individual GPCRs and are colored based on taxonomy. Edges correspond to BLAST connections of P value >1e−70. c Simplified phylogenetic tree of bilaterian adrenergic, tyramine, and octopamine GPCR sequences. The tree is rooted on 5HT receptors (5HTR). Abbreviations: Pdu P. dumerilii, Pca P. caudatus, Sko S. kowalevskii, Msti M. stichopi, Xboc X. bocki