Table 2.
Univariate associations between factors investigated for prevalence of Plasmodium infection by uPCR
| Variable | Number | uPCR positive for Plasmodium | uPCR negative for Plasmodium | p value* | Odds ratioa | Adjusted odds ratiob |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number (%) | Number (%) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | |||
| Number | 1000 | 91 (9) | 909 (91) | |||
| Gender | <0.0001 | 3.3 (2.0–5.4) |
2.0 (1.2–3.4) |
|||
| Male | 468 | 66 (14) | 402 (86) | |||
| Female | 532 | 25 (5) | 507 (95) | |||
| Age groups (years) | 0.018 | 1.6 (1.1–2.6) |
2.1 (1.3–3.4) |
|||
| 18–30 | 443 | 51 (11.5) | 392 (88.5) | |||
| >30 | 557 | 40 (7.2) | 517 (92.8) | |||
| Tympanic temperature (°C) | 0.365 | 0.7 (0.3–1.5) |
0.9 (0.4–1.9) |
|||
| ≤37.5 | 883 | 83 (9) | 800 (91) | |||
| ≥37.5 | 117 | 8 (7) | 109 (93) | |||
| Self-reported fever in previous 48 h | 0.255 | 0.6 (0.2–1.5) |
0.7 (0.3–1.8) |
|||
| Fever | 87 | 5 (6) | 82 (94) | |||
| No fever | 913 | 86 (9) | 827 (91) | |||
| Self-reported illness in the previous 48 h | 0.121 | 0.7 (0.5–1.1) |
0.9 (0.6–1.5) |
|||
| Illness | 506 | 39 (8) | 467 (92) | |||
| No illness | 494 | 52 (11) | 442 (89) | |||
| Self-reported history of ever having had malaria in past | <0.0001 | 5.3 (2.6–10.9) |
5.1 (2.5–10.7) |
|||
| Yes | 654 | 82 (13) | 572 (87) | |||
| No | 346 | 9 (3) | 337 (97) | |||
| Forest visit in the previous 3 months | <0.0001 | 4.1 (2.5–6.5) |
2.7 (1.6–4.8) |
|||
| Yes | 156 | 35 (22) | 121 (78) | |||
| No | 844 | 56 (7) | 788 (93) | |||
| Travel in the previous 3 months | 0.489 | 1.2 (0.7–1.9) |
1.1 (0.7–1.8) |
|||
| Yes | 245 | 25 (10) | 220 (90) | |||
| No | 755 | 66 (9) | 689 (91) | |||
| Bed net use | 0.004 | 0.5 (0.3–0.8) |
0.8 (0.5–1.5) |
|||
| Everyday | 849 | 68 (8) | 781 (92) | |||
| Sometimes or never | 151 | 23 (15) | 128 (85) |
* Pearson Chi Square test
aMantel Haenszel odds
bLogistic regression, adjustment for gender, age group, temperature ≤ 37.5 °C