Table 1.
Baseline characteristics (N=4413)
| Characteristic | Na | Mean (± SD) or No. (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 4413 | 72.6 (± 5.3) |
| 65–70 | 1896 (43.0) | |
| 71–80 | 2103 (47.6) | |
| 81+ | 414 (9.4) | |
| Females | 2518 (57.1) | |
| Non-white | 199 (4.5) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 4407 | 26.3 (± 3.9) |
| Obesity (BMI ≥30) | 788 (17.9) | |
| Smoking status | ||
| Never | 4411 | 2001 (45.4) |
| Former | 1895 (43.0) | |
| Current | 515 (11.7) | |
| Medical conditions | ||
| Arthritis | 4363 | 2241 (51.4) |
| High blood pressure | 4371 | 1529 (35.0) |
| Coronary artery diseaseb | 4156 | 831 (20.0) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 4387 | 416 (9.5) |
| COPDc | 4388 | 409 (9.3) |
| Asthma | 4400 | 285 (6.5) |
| Depressiond | 4408 | 107 (2.4) |
| Heart failure | 4250 | 118 (2.8) |
| Kidney disease | 4385 | 111 (2.5) |
| Stroke | 4382 | 93 (2.1) |
| High cardiopulmonary riske | 4413 | 2469 (55.9) |
| Frailty featuresf | ||
| Low physical activity | 4412 | 923 (20.9) |
| Reduced grip strength | 4104 | 969 (23.6) |
| Slow gait speed | 4367 | 1282 (29.4) |
| Exhaustion | 4404 | 741 (16.8) |
| Unintentional weight loss | 4134 | 217 (5.2) |
| Frailty statusg | ||
| Pre-frail | 4413 | 2210 (50.1) |
| Frail | 360 (8.2) | |
| Spirometric category, No. (%)h | ||
| Normal pulmonary function | 4413 | 3337 (75.6) |
| Restrictive-pattern | 267 (6.1) | |
| Airflow limitation | 809 (18.3) | |
| Moderate-to-severe dyspneai | 773 (17.5) | |
| Single chair standsj | ||
| Normal performance | 4368 | 3999 (91.6) |
| Poor performance | 369 (8.4) | |
Abbreviation: ATS, American Thoracic Society; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1-second; FVC, forced vital capacity; GLI, Global Lung Initiative; LLN, lower limit of normal (5th percentile distribution of GLI-derived Z-scores); SD, standard deviation.
Varies due to missing data.
Included angina pectoris and myocardial infarction.
Included emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
Based on a CES-D score of ≥16.
Defined by the presence of any of the following: high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, heart failure, COPD, or asthma.
Using procedures published by Fried and colleagues, the following five component frailty features were evaluated: 1) low physical activity—lowest quintile of kilocal/week (sex-adjusted), 2) reduced grip strength—lowest quintile of the average of three dynamometer readings (sex- and BMI-adjusted), 3) slow gait speed—slowest quintile during a timed 15-feet walk (sex- and height-adjusted), 4) exhaustion—two questions from CES-D; and 5) unintentional weight loss—at least 10 pounds in the prior year.
Pre-frail status was established by having 1 or 2 component frailty features, while frail status was established by having at least 3 component frailty features.
Normal defined by an FEV1/FVC ≥ LLN and FVC ≥ LLN; airflow-obstruction defined by FEV1/FVC < LLN; restrictive-pattern defined by FEV1/FVC ≥ LLN and FVC < LLN.
Classified by the ATS questionnaire (ATS-DLD-78-A), as ATS grade 2–5.
Performance was classified as normal if able to rise without arm use, or as poor if unable to rise without arm use.