Table 2.
Odds ratio for moderate-to-severe exertional dyspnea according to performance on the single chair stand, using unadjusted and frailty-adjusted logistic regression models (N = 4413)a
| Single chair stand | Moderate-to-Severe Exertional Dyspneab |
|---|---|
| Odds Ratio (95% confidence interval) Poor vs. Normal Performance on Single Chair Standc | |
| Poor performancec | |
| Model 1: unadjusted | 3.48 (2.78, 4.36) |
| Model 2: adjusted for component frailty featuresd | |
| Model 2a: low physical activity | 2.90 (1.76, 4.76) |
| Model 2b: reduced grip strength | 3.15 (2.06, 4.80) |
| Model 2c: slow gait speed | 2.82 (1.74, 4.55) |
| Model 2d: exhaustion | 2.94 (2.33, 3.72) |
| Model 2e: unintentional weight loss | 3.31 (1.97, 5.56) |
| Model 3: adjusted for frailty status | |
| Model 3a: two-level frailty statuse | 2.69 (1.90, 3.80) |
| Model 3b: three-level frailty statusf | 2.26 (1.40, 3.65) |
Missing values provided by multiple imputation.
American Thoracic Society grade 2–5.
Performance was classified as normal if able to rise without arm use, or poor if unable to rise without arm use.
Using procedures published by Fried and colleagues, the following five component frailty features were evaluated: 1) low physical activity—lowest quintile of kilocal/week (sex-adjusted), 2) reduced grip strength—lowest quintile of the average of three dynamometer readings (sex- and BMI-adjusted), 3) slow gait speed—slowest quintile during a timed 15-feet walk (sex- and height-adjusted), 4) exhaustion—two questions from CES-D; and 5) unintentional weight loss—at least 10 pounds in the prior year. Based on the Fried phenotype, non-frail indicated having none of the component frailty features, pre-frail as having 1 or 2 of the component frailty features, and frail as having at least 3 of the component frailty features.
Participants who are frail or pre-frail are compared to participants who are non-frail in a single comparison.
Nominal variable including non-frail, pre-frail, and frail status; participants who are frail and participants who are pre-frail are compared separately to a reference group of those who are non-frail.