Table 3.
Adjusted odds ratios for moderate-to-severe exertional dyspnea according to performance on the single chair stand, using multivariable logistic regression models (N = 4413)a
| Explanatory Variable | Moderate-to-Severe Exertional Dyspneab |
|---|---|
| Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval)c Poor vs. Normal Performance on Single Chair Standd | |
| Poor performance on the single chair standd | 1.85 (1.41, 2.41) |
| Age (each additional year) | 1.03 (1.01, 1.04) |
| Female | 1.14 (0.95, 1.38) |
| Obesity (BMI ≥30) | 1.88 (1.53, 2.31) |
| Smoking status | |
| Ever versus no smoking | 1.18 (0.97, 1.43) |
| Current versus no smoking | 1.29 (0.97, 1.71) |
| High cardiopulmonary riske | 2.86 (2.35, 3.49) |
| Frailty statusf | |
| Pre-frail versus non-frail | 2.30 (1.87, 2.84) |
| Frail versus non-frail | 3.24 (2.36, 4.45) |
| Spirometric impairmentg | |
| Airflow-obstruction versus normal spirometry | 2.37 (1.93, 2.91) |
| Restrictive-pattern versus normal spirometry | 2.02 (1.48, 2.75) |
| Depressionh | 2.10 (1.35, 3.28) |
| Arthritis | 1.56 (1.30, 1.87) |
| Stroke | 1.43 (0.86, 2.37) |
Abbreviation: ATS, American Thoracic Society; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1-second; FVC, forced vital capacity; GLI, Global Lung Initiative; LLN, lower limit of normal (5th percentile distribution of GLI-derived Z-scores); NA, not applicable.
Missing values provided by multiple imputation.
ATS grade 2–5.
The covariates of non-white race and kidney disease had p values >0.20 and were not included in the final adjusted model.
Performance was classified as normal if able to rise without arm use, or as poor if unable to rise without arm use.
Defined by the presence of any of the following: high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, heart failure, COPD, or asthma.
Three-level nominal variable including non-frail, pre-frail, and frail status, wherein non-frail indicates having none of the component frailty features, pre-frail as having 1 or 2 component frailty features, and frail as having at least 3 component frailty features. The component frailty features included: 1) low physical activity—lowest quintile of kilocal/week (sex-adjusted), 2) reduced grip strength—lowest quintile of the average of three dynamometer readings (sex- and BMI-adjusted), 3) slow gait speed—slowest quintile during a timed 15-feet walk (sex- and height-adjusted), 4) exhaustion—two questions from CES-D; and 5) unintentional weight loss—at least 10 pounds in the prior year.
Normal defined by an FEV1/FVC ≥ LLN and FVC ≥ LLN; airflow-obstruction defined by FEV1/FVC < LLN; restrictive-pattern defined by FEV1/FVC ≥ LLN and FVC < LLN.
Based on a CES-D score of ≥16.