Fig. 1.

A schematic overview of brain regions and functions (among others) associated with dissociation in borderline personality disorder. The precise neurobiological underpinnings of dissociation remain elusive, but there is evidence for a link between dissociative states/traits and altered (co)activity in brain networks involved in emotion processing and memory (e.g., amygdala and hippocampus/medial temporal lobe memory system), interoception and attention regulation (insula), self-referential processes (e.g., posterior cingulate cortex and precuneus), cognitive control, and arousal modulation (e.g., dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), inferior frontal gyrus, and anterior cingulate cortex)—functions which may be altered during dissociation